BOOK 2

Stop Smoking Systems
A Division of Bridge2Life Consultants

BOOK TWO
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER

MORE THAN YOU EVER
WANTED TO LEARN ABOUT SMOKING
…AND MORE

BOOK TWO
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Important Reminder 2
Introduction 4
Chapter I
The History of Cigarettes 5
Chapter II
The Production of Cigarettes 130
Chapter III
A Surprise! 196
Chapter IV
The Effects of Second-Hand
Smoke 201
Chapter V
How Smoking Affects Children 209
Chapter VI
Smoking and Weight Gain 218
Chapter VII
How Smoking Affects Skin 227
Chapter VIII
The Process of Addiction 228
Chapter IX
Sexual Side Effects 246
Chapter X
Who Profits
From Your Addiction 248
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 252
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INTRODUCTION

This book is essential to your recovery from this addiction. Since the addiction process is so difficult, it is crucial that you have a firm foundation for your recovery. Mark Twain said, “Quitting smoking is easy. I’ve done it a thousand times.” Maybe you’ve tried to quit too. Why is quitting and staying quit hard for so many people? The answer is nicotine.
Nicotine is a drug found naturally in tobacco. Over time, the body becomes physically and psychologically dependent on nicotine. Studies have shown that smokers must overcome both of these to be successful at quitting and staying quit.
When smoke is inhaled, nicotine is carried deep into the lungs where it is absorbed quickly into the bloodstream and carried to the heart, brain, liver, and spleen. Nicotine affects many parts of the body, including the heart and blood vessels, the hormonal system, the body’s metabolism, and the brain. Nicotine can be found in breast milk and in cervix mucous secretions of smokers. During pregnancy, nicotine freely crosses the placenta and has been found in amniotic fluid and the umbilical cord blood of newborn infants. Nicotine is metabolized mainly by the liver and lungs, but a small amount is excreted by the kidneys. Nicotine is broken down by the body into the by-products cotinine and nicotine-N’-oxide. Nicotine produces pleasurable feelings that make the smoker want to smoke more and also acts as a depressant by interfering with the flow of information between nerve cells. As the nervous system adapts to nicotine, smokers tend to increase the number of cigarettes they smoke, and hence the amount of nicotine in their blood. After a while, the smoker develops a tolerance to the drug, which leads to an increase in smoking over time. Eventually, the smoker reaches a certain nicotine level and then smokes to maintain this level of nicotine.
BELIEVE US! WE KNOW WHAT YOU’RE UP
AGAINST. PLEASE PLEASE READ ALL THIS INFORMATION AND
GET MOTIVATED TO DO THIS!

CHAPTER I THE HISTORY OF CIGARETTES

What follows is, admittedly, more than you ever wanted to know about the history of the substance to which you have become addicted. I know you want to skip right on over this but don’t. Remember you promised to do your part and give this your best shot, and this is part of it. You promised. Oh yes you did! You cannot lick it if you don’t know what it is. So not only read this information, but use a highlighter and study it just like you were going to take a test over it. Because there will be a test. Oh yes, there will be a test my friend. Okay I’m just kidding. There won’t be a test. But you need to know this stuff.

• Prehistory: Although small amounts of nicotine may be found in some Old World plants, including belladonna and Nicotiana africana, and nicotine metabolites have been found in human remains and pipes in the Near East and Africa, there is no indication of habitual tobacco use in the Ancient world, on any continent save the Americas.
• The sacred origin of tobacco and the first pipe (Schoolcraft)
• c. 6000 BCE: Experts believe the tobacco plant, as we know it today, begins growing in the Americas.
• c.1 BCE: Experts believe American inhabitants have begun finding ways to use tobacco, including smoking (in a number of variations), chewing and in probably hallucinogenic enemas (by the Peruvian Aguaruna aboriginals).
• c. 1 CE: Tobacco was “nearly everywhere” in the Americas. (American Heritage Book of Indians, p.41).
• 470-630 CE: Between 470 and 630 A.D. the Mayas began to scatter, some moving as far as the Mississippi Valley. The Toltecs, who created the mighty Aztec Empire, borrowed the smoking custom from the Mayas who remained behind. Two castes of smokers emerged among them. Those in the Court of Montezuma, who mingled tobacco with the resin of other leaves and smoked pipes with great ceremony after their evening meal; and the lesser Indians, who rolled tobacco leaves together to form a crude cigar. The Mayas who settled in the Mississippi Valley spread their custom to the neighboring tribes. The latter adapted tobacco smoking to their own religion, believing that their god, the almighty Manitou, revealed himself in the rising smoke. And, as in Central America, a complex system of religious and political rites was developed around tobacco. (Imperial Tobacco Canada, Tobacco History)
• 600-1000 CE: UAXACTUN, GUATEMALA. First pictorial record of smoking: A pottery vessel found here dates from before the 11th century. On it a Maya is depicted smoking a roll of tobacco leaves tied with a string. The Mayan term for smoking was sik’ar

Introduction:
The Chiapas Gift, or The Indians’ Revenge?

Columbus’ sailors find Arawak and Taino Indians smoking tobacco. Some take up the habit and begin to spread it worldwide.
• 1492-10-12: Columbus Discovers Tobacco; “Certain Dried Leaves” Are Received as Gifts, and Thrown Away.
On this bright morning Columbus and his men set foot on the New World for the first time, landing on the beach of San Salvador Island or Samana Cay in the Bahamas, or Gran Turk Island. The indigenous Arawaks, possibly thinking the strange visitors divine, offer gifts. Columbus wrote in his journal,
the natives brought fruit, wooden spears, and certain dried leaves which gave off a distinct fragrance. As each item seemed much-prized by the natives; Columbus accepted the gifts and ordered them brought back to the ship. The fruit was eaten; the pungent “dried leaves” were thrown away.

• 1492-10-15: Columbus Mentions Tobacco. “We found a man in a canoe going from Santa Maria to Fernandia. He had with him some dried leaves which are in high value among them, for a quantity of it was brought to me at San Salvador” — Christopher Columbus’ Journal
• 1492-11: Jerez and Torres Discover Smoking; Jerez Becomes First European Smoker
Rodrigo de Jerez and Luis de Torres, in Cuba searching for the Khan of Cathay (China), are credited with first observing smoking. They reported that the natives wrapped dried tobacco leaves in palm or maize “in the manner of a musket formed of paper.” After lighting one end, they commenced “drinking” the smoke through the other. Jerez became a confirmed smoker, and is thought to be the first outside of the Americas. He brought the habit back to his hometown, but the smoke billowing from his mouth and nose so frightened his neighbors he was imprisoned by the holy inquisitors for 7 years. By the time he was released, smoking was a Spanish craze.

• 1493: Ramon Pane, a monk who accompanied Columbus on his second voyage, gave lengthy descriptions about the custom of taking snuff. He also described how the Indians inhaled smoke through a Y-shaped tube. Pane is usually credited with being the first man to introduce tobacco to Europe.
• 1497: Robert Pane, who accompanied Christopher Columbus on his second voyage in 1493, writes the first report of native tobacco use to appear in Europe, “De Insularium Ribitus.”
• 1498: Columbus visits Trinidad and Tobago, naming the latter after the native tobacco pipe.
• 1499: Amerigo Vespucci noticed that the American Indians had a curious habit of chewing green leaves mixed with a white powder. They carried two gourds around their necks — one filled with leaves, the other with powder. First, they put leaves in their mouths. Then, after dampening a small stick with saliva, they dipped it in the powder and mixed the adhering powder with the leaves in their mouths, making a kind of chewing tobacco.
• 1518: MEXICO: JUAN DE GRIJALVA lands in Yucatan, observes cigarette smoking by natives (ATS)
• 1518: SPAIN: Fernando Cortez brings tobacco to Spain, at the request of Ramon Pane
• 1519: MEXICO: CORTEZ conquers AZTEC capitol, finds Mexican natives smoking perfumed reed cigarettes.(ATS)
• 1530: MEXICO: BERNARDINO DE SAHAGUN, missionary in Mexico, distinguishes between sweet commercial tobacco
(Nicotiana tabacum) and coarse Nicotiana rustica.(ATS)
• 1531: SANTO DOMINGO: European cultivation of tobacco begins
• 1534: CUBA, SANTO DOMINGO: “Tall tobacco”–sweet, broadleaved Nicotiana tabacum–is transplanted from Central
American mainland to Cuba and Santo Domingo.(ATS)
• 1535: CANADA: Jacques Cartier encounters natives on the island of Montreal who use tobacco.
“In Hochelaga, at the head of the river in Canada, grows a certain herb which is stocked in large quantities by the natives during the summer season, and on which they set great value. Men alone use it, and after drying it in the sun they carry it around their neck wrapped up in the skin of a small animal, like a sac, with a hollow piece of stone or wood. When the spirit moves them, they pulverize this herb and place it at one end, lighting it with a fire brand, and draw on the other end so long that they fill their bodies with smoke until it comes out of their mouth and nostrils as from a chimney. They claim it keeps them warm and in good health. They never travel without this herb.” — Smoke and Mirrors, p. 30

• 1548: BRAZIL: Portuguese cultivate tobacco for commercial export.

• 1554: ANTWERP: ‘Cruydeboeck’ presents first illustration of tobacco. (LB)
• 1555:Franciscan Friar Andr Thevet of Angouleme reports on Brazil’s Tupinamba Indians’ use of Petun.
• 1556: FRANCE: Tobacco is introduced. Revolutionary monk Thevet claims he was the first to transplant Nicotiana tabacum from Brazil; many dispute this. In his writings he describes tobacco as a creature comfort. (ATS)
• 1558: PORTUGAL: Tobacco is introduced.
• 1559: SPAIN: Tobacco is introduced by Francisco Hernandez de Toledo, Philippe II. of Spain’s personal physician, who had been sent the year before to investigate the products of Mexico. The seeds Hernandez brings back are at first used only to grow ornamental plants in court.

• 1560: PORTUGAL, FRANCE: Jean Nicot de Villemain, France’s ambassador to Portugal, writes of tobacco’s medicinal properties, describing it as a panacea. Nicot sends rustica plants to French court.
• 1561: FRANCE: Nicot sends snuff to Catherine de Medici, the Queen Mother of France, to treat her son Francis II’s migraine headaches. She later decrees tobacco be termed Herba Regina (There is confusion in sources: some claim it cured Catherine’s own headaches (by making her sneeze))
• 1564 or 1565: ENGLAND: Tobacco is introduced into England by Sir John Hawkins and/or his crew. Tobacco is used cheifly by sailors, including those employed by Sir Francis Drake, until the 1580s. (Chroniclers of the day took little note of the customs of sailors. Crews under the command of less famous captains than Hawkins would be given even less notice. But Spanish and Portuguese sailors spread the practice around the world–probably first to fellow sailors at port cities. There is no reason to suppose Hawkins’ crew particularly advanced in comparison to those on other English ships. In sum, there could well have been a small underground of seafaring tobacco users in England for decades before officialdom took notice. Hawkins and his crew are usually given the credit, but in reality, take this with a grain of sea-salt.)
• 1568: FRANCE: Andre Thevet writes the first description of tobacco use. In Brazil, he wrote, the people smoke it and it cleans the “superfluous humours of the brain”. Thevet smoked it himself. (LB)

• 1570: Claimed first botanical book on tobacco written by Pena and Lobel of London.(TSW)
• 1571: GERMANY: MEDICINE: Dr. Michael Bernhard Valentini’s Polychresta Exotica (Exotic Remedies) describes numerous different types of clysters, or enemas. The tobacco smoke clyster was said to be good for the treatment of colic, nephritis, hysteria, hernia, and dysentery.
• 1571: SPAIN: MEDICINE: Monardes, a doctor in Seville, reports on the latest craze among Spanish doctors–the wonders of the tobacco plant, which herbalists are growing all over Spain. Monardes lists 36 maladies tobacco cures.
• 1571:BOOKS: Jos de Acosta, a Spanish Jesuit missionary is sent to Peru; records some of the earliest and most vivid descriptions of Native South American life and tobacco use. ( De natura novi orbis libri duo (Salamanca, 1588-1589)
• 1573: ENGLAND: Sir Francis Drake returns from the Americas with ‘Nicotina tobacum’. (LB)
• 1575: MEXICO: LEGISLATION: Roman Catholic Church passes a law against smoking in any place of worship in the Spanish Colonies
• 1577: ENGLAND: MEDICINE: Frampton translates Monardes into English. European doctors look for new cures–tobacco is recommended for toothache, falling fingernails, worms, halitosis, lockjaw & cancer.

• 1580: CUBA: European cultivation of tobacco begins
• 1580: TURKEY: Tobacco arrives (AHS)
• 1580: POLAND: Tobacco arrives (AHS)
• 1584-03: ENGLAND: Queen Elizabeth grants Mr. Walter Raleigh a charter for establishing a settlement in America.
• 1585: ENGLAND: Sir Francis Drake introduces smoking to Sir Walter Raleigh (BD)
• 1586: Ralph Lane, first governor of Virginia, teaches Sir Walter Raleigh to smoke the long-stemmed clay pipe Lane is credited with inventing (BD).(TSW)
• 1586: GERMANY: ‘De plantis epitome utilissima’ offers one of first cautions to use of tobacco, calling it a “violent herb”. (LB) • 1586: ENGLAND: Tobacco Arrives in English Society. In July 1586, some of the Virginia colonists returned to England and disembarked at Plymouth smoking tobacco from pipes, which caused a sensation. William Camden (1551-1623) a contemporary witness, reports that “These men who were thus brought back were the first that I know of that brought into
England that Indian plant which they call Tabacca and Nicotia, or Tobacco” Tobacco in the Elizabethan age was known as “sotweed.” (BD)
• 1587: ANTWERP: First published work totally on tobacco, ‘De herbe panacea’, with numerous recipies and claims of cures.
(LB)
• 1588: Hariot writes about tobacco in Virginia in A Brief and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia

• 1590: BOOKS: Jos de Acosta ‘s Historia natural y moral de las Indias (Seville, 1590) describes the native use of tobacco in detail.
• 1590: LITERATURE: Spenser’s Fairie Queen: earliest poetical allusion to tobacco in English literature. (Book III, Canto VI, 32).

1590: BOOKS: Richard Hakluyt, who accompanied Sir Walter Raleigh on his Roanoke expedition, publishes his comprehensive anthology: The Principall Navigations. Voiages and Discoveries of the English Nation, Made by Sea or Overland to the Most Remote and Farthest Distant Quarters of the Earth at Any Time within the Compasse of these 1500 Years.
• 1592-98: KOREA: Hideyoshi Invasion from Japan. Japan, which has maintained contact with Portuguese merchants, introduce the practice of smoking to Korea.
• 1595: ENGLAND: BOOKS: Tabacco, the first book in the English language devoted to the subject of tobacco, is published
• 1595 (approx.): Matoaka is born to Chief Powhatan. She is given the nickname Pocahontas–“Frisky,” “Playful One” or
“Mischief”
• 1596: LITERATURE: Ben Jonson’s Every Man in His Humor is acted on the 25th of November, 1596, and printed in 1601. In Act III, Scene 2, Bobadilla (pro) and Cob (con) argue about tobacco. (BD)

• 1600: BRAZIL: AGRICULTURE: European cultivation of tobacco begins
• 1600: ENGLAND: Sir Walter Raleigh persuades Queen Elizabeth to try smoking
• 1601: TURKEY: Smoking is introduced, and rapidly takes hold while clerics denounce it. “Puffing in each other’s faces, they made the streets and markets stink,” writes historian Ibrahim Pecevi.
• 1601 (approx): Samuel Rowlands writes,
But this same poyson, steeped India weede
In head, hart, lunges, do the soote and cobwebs breede
With that he gasp’d, and breath’d out such a smoke That all the standers by were like to choke.
• 1602: ENGLAND: Publication of Worke of Chimney Sweepers by anonymous author identified as ‘Philaretes’ states that illness of chimney sweepers is caused by soot and that tobacco may have similar effects. “Tobacco works by evaporating man’s ‘unctuous and radical moistures’- as was demonstrated in the fact that it was employed to cure gonorrhea by drying up the discharge. But this process, if too long continued, could only end by drying up ‘spermatical humidity,’ too, rendering him incapable of propagation. Experience also showed that tobacco left men in a state of depression, ‘mopishness and sottishness,’ which in the long run must damage memory, imagination and understanding.” (Brian Inglis, The Forbidden Game: A Social
History of Drugs, New York, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1975.)
• 1602: ENGLAND: Roger Markecke writes A Defense of Tobacco, in response to Chimneysweeps (LB)
• 1603: ENGLAND: Physicians, upset that tobacco is being used by people without a physician’s prescription; complain to King James I.(TSW)

• 1604: ENGLAND: King James I writes “A Counterblaste to Tobacco”
1604: ENGLAND: TAXES: King James I increases import tax on tobacco 4,000% [from 2 pence/lb to 6 shillings 10 pence/lb. His majesty seems, however, to have advanced very substantial reasons for this virtual prohibition of tobacco; for if any circumstance can justify what are termed “strong measures” on the part of a government, certainly the wanton luxury and debauchery of its people must be amongst the best apologies for a stretch of power, which might, in other respects, have been deeed arbitrary, and unbecoming a British monarch.– Tatham, “An Historical and Practical Essay on the Culture and Commerce of Tobacco” (1800)

• 1605: ENGLAND: Debate between King James I and Dr. Cheynell.(TSW)
• 1606: SPAIN: King Philip Ill decrees that tobacco may only be grown in specific locations–including Cuba, Santo Domingo, Venezuela and Puerto Rico. Sale of tobacco to foreigners is punishable by death.
• 1606+: ADVERTISING: ENGLAND: America and advertising begin to grow together. One of the first products heavily marketed is America itself. Richard Hofstadter called the Virginia Company’s recruitment effort for its new colony, “one of the first concerted and sustained advertising campaigns in the history of the modern world.” The out-of-place, out-of-work
“gentlemen” in an overpopulated England were sold quite a bill of goods about the bountiful land and riches to be had in the New World. Daniel J. Boorstin has mused whether “there was a kind of natural selection here of those people who were willing to believe in advertising.”
• 1607: JAMESTOWN saga begins

• 1610: ENGLAND: Sir Francis Bacon writes that tobacco use is increasing and that it is a custom hard to quit. (LB) • 1610: ENGLAND: Edmond Gardiner publishes William Barclay’s The Trial of Tobacco and provides a text of recipies and medicinal preparations. BArclay defends tobacco as a medicine but condemns casual use(LB) • 1612: CHINA: Imperial edict forbidding the planting and use tobacco.(TSW)
• 1612: JAMESTOWN: John Rolfe raises Virginia’s first commercial crop of “tall tobacco.”
• 1613-89: RUSSIA: Tobacco prohibition under the early Romanoffs (AHS)
• 1614-04: JAMESTOWN: John Rolfe and Rebecca (nee Pocahontas) are married
• 1613-06: ENGLAND: First shipment of Rolfe’s tobacco arrives. (ASHES TO ASHES: THE HISTORY OF SMOKING AND HEALTH) • 1614: ENGLAND: First sale of native Virginia tobacco in England; Virginia colony enters world tobacco market, under English protection
• 1614: ENGLAND: “[T]here be 7000 shops, in and about London, that doth vent Tobacco” — The Honestie of this Age, Prooving by good circumstance that the world was never honest till now, by Barnabee Rych Gentleman (BD)
• 1614: ENGLAND: King James I makes the import of tobacco a Royal monopoly, available for a yearly fee of 14,000.
• 1614: LITERATURE: Nepenthes, or the Vertues of Tabacco, by William Barclay; Edinburgh, 1614. Touts tobacco’s medicinal qualities, and recommends exclusively tobacco of American origin (BD)
• 1614: SPAIN: King Philip III establishes Seville as tobacco center of the world. Attempting to prevent a tobacco glut, Philip requires all tobacco grown in the Spanish New World to be shipped to a central location, Seville, Spain. Seville becomes the world center for the production of cigars. European cigarette use begins here, as beggars patch together tobacco from used cigars, and roll them in paper(papeletes). Spanish and Portuguese sailors spread the practice to Russia and the Levant. 1616: Tobacco Nation Discovered. The French discover an Iroquoian branch of American Indians in present-day Ontario, Canada, and term them the Tobacco Nation, or Tionontati, because of their large tobacco fields. After attack by the Iroquois, the remnants of the Tobacco Nation, along with many Huron refugees, settled SW of Lake Superior. They were soon assimilated into one tribe, known as the Wyandot. In 1990 there were about 2,500 Wyandot left in the US.
• 1616-06-03: JAMESTOWN: John Rolfe and Pocahontas arrive in London
• 1617: Dr. William Vaughn writes:
Tobacco that outlandish weede
It spends the braine and spoiles the seede
It dulls the spirite, it dims the sight
It robs a woman of her right
• 1617: MONGOLIA: Emperor places dealth penalty on using tobacco.(TSW)
• 1618-48: THE THIRTY YEARS WAR spurs an expansion of smoking. (AHS)
• 1618-48: ENGLAND: SIR WALTER RALEIGH, popularizer of tobacco in England, is beheaded for treason. Upon Ralegh’s tobacco box, found in his cell afterwards, is the inscription, “Comes meus fuit illo miserrimo tempo.” (“It was my comfort in those miserable times.”)
• 1619: ENGLAND: An unhappy King James I incorporates British pipe makers; London clay pipe makers were formed into a charter body with a coat of arm of a Moor holding a pipe and roll of tobacco. (TSW)
• 1619: JAMESTOWN: First Africans brought into Virginia. John Rolfe writes in his diary, “About the last of August came in a dutch man of warre that sold us twenty negars.” They were needed for the booming tobacco crop, but had been baptized, so-as Christians–they could not be enslaved for life, but only indentured, just like many of the English colonists, for 5-7 years
• 1619: ECONOMY: Tobacco is being used as currency. It will continue to be so used for 200 years in Virginia, for 150 years in
Maryland, adjusting to the vagaries of shifting values and varying qualities. (see 1727, “Tobacco Notes”)
• 1619: JAMESTOWN: First shipment of women–meant to become wives for the settlers–arrives. A prospective husband must pay for his chosen mate’s passage with 120 lbs. of tobacco.
• 1619-07-30: JAMESTOWN: The first representative legislative assembly in America is held. The Virginia Colony’s General Assembly meets in the choir of the Jamestown church from July 30-August 4. This assembly contained the embryo of representative self-government. The first law passed is a law concerning the economics of the tobacco trade: tobacco shall not be sold for under 3 shillings per pound.
• 1619-12-04: BERKELEY, VA: The very first American Thanksgiving celebrates a good tobacco crop. The holiday was abandoned after the Indian Massacre of 1622.

• 1620s: KOREA: Within only a few decades, tobacco has become a national pastime.
• 1620: ENGLAND: 40,000 lbs of tobacco are imported from Virginia. (LB)
• 1620: ENGLAND: King James proclaims rules of tobacco growing and import: limits tobacco sales to 100 weight of tobacco per man; restricts imports to Virginia colony, and establishes stamps or seals. Quanity has risen and quality has declined so drastically that growers could get no more than 3 shillings/lb. James suggested colonists concentrate more on corn, livestock and potash.
1620: BUSINESS: Trade agreement between the Crown & Virginia Company bans commercial tobacco growing in England, in return for a 1 shilling/lb. duty on Virginia tobacco.
• 1620 (about): JAPAN: Prohibition in Japan (AHS)
• 1621: Sixty future wives arrive in Virginia and sell for 150 pounds of tobacco each. Price up since 1619.(TSW) • 1621: ENGLAND: Tobias Venner publishes “A briefe and accurate treatise, comcerning….tobacco” claiming medicinal properties, but condeming use for pleasure. (LB)
• 1624: REGULATION: POPE URBAN VIII threatens excommunication for snuff users; sneezing is thought too close to sexual ecstasy
• 1624: ENGLAND establishes a royal tobacco monopoly.
• 1624: NEW YORK CITY is born. The town of New Amsterdam was established on lower Manhattan At this time, the western area of what is now Greenwich Village, NY, is known to Native Americans as (var.) Sapponckanican– “tobacco fields,” or “land where the tobacco grows.”
• 1628: REGULATION: SHAH SEFI punishes two merchants for selling tobacco by pouring hot lead down their throats. (TSW)
• 1629: FRANCE: RICHELIEU puts a Customs duty on the import of tobacco.
• 1629: Niewu Amsterdam’s Gov. Wouter Van Twiller appropriates a farm belonging to the Dutch West India Company in the Bossen Bouwery (“Farm in the woods”) area of Manhattan, in what is now Greenwich Village, and begins growing tobacco. The Minetta Spring provides water.

• 1630: SWEDEN learns to smoke.(AHS)
• 1631: AGRICULTURE: European-style cultivation of tobacco begins in Maryland
• 1632: REGULATION: MASSACHUSETTS forbids public smoking
• 1633: AGRICULTURE: CONNECTICUT is settled; first tobacco crop raised in Windsor.
• 1633: REGULATION: TURKEY: Sultan Murad IV orders tobacco users executed as infidels. As many as 18 a day were executed. Some historians consider the ban an anti-plague measure, some a fire-prevention measure.
• 1634: REGULATION: RUSSIA: Czar Alexis creates penalties for smoking: 1st offense is whipping, a slit nose, and trasportation to Siberia. 2nd offense is execution.(TSW) (BD)
• 1634: REGULATION: EUROPE: Greek Church claims that it was tobacco smoke that intoxicated Noah and so bans tobacco use.(TSW)
• 1635: AGRICULTURE: FRANCE: The first tobacco farms are begun in Clairac.
• 1635: REGULATION: FRANCE: King allows sale of tobaccco only following prescription by physician.(TSW)
• 1636: BUSINESS: SPAIN: Tabacalera, the oldest tobacco company in the world, is created.
• 1637: REGULATION: FRANCE: King Louis XIII enjoys snuff and repeals restricions on its use.(TSW)
• 1638: REGULATION: CHINA: Use or distribution of tobacco is made a crime punishable by decapitation. Snuff, introduced by the Jesuits in the mid-17th century, soon became quite popular, from the court on down, and remained so during much of the Qing dynasty (mid-17th century – 1912.)
• 1639: REGULATION: NEW YORK CITY: Governor Kieft bans smoking in New Amsterdam

• 1640s: BHUTAN: Bhutan’s first ban on smoking in public enacted by the warrior monk Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal, the founder of modern Bhutan. He outlaws the use of tobacco in government buildings.
• 1640: The western area of what is now Greenwich Village, NY, is known to Native Americans as (var.) Sapponckanican–
“tobacco fields,” or “land where the tobacco grows.”
• In 1629, Niewu Amsterdam’s Gov. Wouter Van Twiller appropriated a farm belonging to the Dutch West India Company in the Bossen Bouwery (“Farm in the woods”) area of Manhattan island, and began growing tobacco. The first Dutch references to the Indians’ name for the area appear around 1640.

• 1642: POPE URBAN VIII’S Bull against smoking in the churches in Seville. (AHS)
• 1647: REGULATION: TURKEY: Tobacco ban is lifted. Pecevi writes that tobaco has now joined coffee, wine and opium as one of the four “cushions on the sofa of pleasure.”
• 1647: REGULATION: Colony of Connecticut bans public smoking: citizens may smoke only once a day, “and then not in company with any other.”
• 1648: Smoking generally prohibited. Writers now hostile to it. (AHS)

• 1650: REGULATION: Colony of Connecticut General Court orders — no smoking by person under age of 21, no smoking except with physicians order.(TSW)
• 1650: Spread of smoking in Austria. (AHS)
• 1650: REGULATION: Pope Innocent X’s Bull against smoking in St Peter’s, Rome.(AHS)
• 1657: REGULATION: Prohibition in Switzerland.(AHS)
• 1659: ITALY: VENICE establishes the first tobacco appalto.
. . . a contract whereby the exclusive right to import, manufacture, and trade in tobacco was farmed out [by the state] to a private person for a certain consideration(AHS)

• 1660: ITALY: Pope ALEXANDER VII farms out tobacco monopolies
• 1660: ENGLAND: THE RESTORATION OF THE MONARCHY The court of Charles II returns to London from exile in Paris, bringing the French court’s snuffing practice with them; snuff becomes an aristocratic form of tobacco use. During Charles’ reign (1660-1685), the growing of tobacco in England, except for small lots in physic gardens, is forbidden so as to preserve the taxes coming in from Virginian imports..
• 1660: The Navigation Act mandates that 7 enumerated items–one of which was tobacco–may only be shipped to England or its colonies.
• 1661: VIRGINIA Assembly begins institutionalizing slavery, making it de jure.
1665-66: HEALTH: EUROPE: THE GREAT PLAGUE Smoking tobacco is thought to have a protective effect. Smoking is made compulsory at Eton to ward off infection.
• 1665: HEALTH: ENGLAND: Samuel Pepys describes a Royal Society experiment in which a cat quickly dies when fed “a drop of distilled oil of tobacco.”
• 1666: AGRICULTURE: Maryland faces oversupply; bans production of tobacco for one year.

• 1670: AUSTRIA: COUNT KHEVENHILLER’s appalto is established.
• 1674: RUSSIA: Smoking Can Carry the Death Penalty.
• 1674: FRANCE: LOUIS XIV establishes a tobacco monopoly.
• 1675: REGULATION: SWITZERLAND: The Berne town council establishes a special Chambres de Tabac to deal with smokers, who face the same dire penalties as adulterers.
• 1676: RUSSIA: the smoking ban is lifted.
• 1676: TAXES: Heavy taxes levied in tobacco by Virginia Governor BERKELEY lead to BACON’S REBELLION, a foretaste of American Revolution. (ATS)
• 1679: Abraham a Santa Clara and the plague in Vienna.

• 1682: VIRGINIA: The Tobacco Riots
• 1683: Massachusetts passes the nation’s first no-smoking law. It forbids the smoking of tobacco outdoors, because of the fire danger. Soon after, Philadelphia lawmakers approve a ban on “smoking seegars on the street.” Fines are used to buy firefighting equipment.
• 1689-1725: RUSSIA: PETER THE GREAT advocates smoking, repeals Romanov bans, which had punished smoking by flogging, lip-slitting, Siberian exile and death.

• 1693: ENGLAND: Smoking banned in Commons chamber: “no member do presume to take tobacco in the gallery of the House or at a committee table”
• 1698: RUSSIA: PETER THE GREAT establishes a trade monopoly with the English, against Church wishes.
• 1699: LOUIS XIV and his physician, FAGON, oppose smoking.

• ENGLAND: George III’s wife known as “Snuffy Charlotte”
• FRANCE: Napoleon said to have used 7 lb. of snuff per month
• HEALTH: Lung cancer, an extremely rare disease, is first described.

• 1701: HEALTH: MEDICINE: Nicholas Andryde Boisregard warns that young people taking too much tobacco have trembling, unsteady hands, staggering feet and suffer a withering of “their noble parts.”
• I701-40: PRUSSIA: Tobacco councils of Frederick I and Frederick William I. (AHS)
1705: VIRGINIA Assembly passes a law legalizing lifelong slavery. . . . all servants imported and brought into this country, by sea or land, who were not christians in their native country . . . shall be . . . slaves, and as such be here bought and sold notwithstanding a conversion to christianity afterwards.”

• 1713: LEGISLATION: Inspection regulations passed to keep up standards of Virginia leaf exports (not effective until 1730).
(ATS)
• 1719: LEGISLATION: FRANCE: Smoking is prohibited. Exceptions: the Franche-Comt, Flanders and Alsace.

• 1724: REGULATION: Pope Benedict XIII learns to smoke and use snuff, and repeals papal bulls against clerical smoking.(TSW)
• 1727: ECONOMY: “Tobacco notes” Become Legal Tender in Virginia. Tobacco Notes attesting to quality and quantity of one’s tobacco kept in public warehouses are authorized as legal tender in Virginia. Used as units of monetary exchange throughout 18th Century. The notes are more convenient than the acutal leaf, which had been in use as money for over a century.

• 1730: LEGISLATION: Virginia Inspection Acts come into effect, standardizing and regulating tobacco sales and exports to prevent the export of “trash tobacco”–shipments diluted with leaves and household sweepings, which were debasing the value of Virginia tobacco. Inspection warehouses were empowered to verify weight and kind and kind of tobacco.
• 1730: VIRGINIA: BUSINESS: First American tobacco factories begun in Virginia–small snuff mills

• 1747: LEGISLATION: Maryland passes its own Maryland Inspection Act to control quality of exports.

• 1750: RHODE ISLAND BUSINESS: Gilbert Stuart builds snuff mill in Rhode Island, ships his products in dried animal bladders • 1753: SWEDEN: Swedish Botanist Carolus Linnaeus names the plant genus, nicotiana. and describes two species, nicotiana rustica. and nicotiana tabacum.”
• 1755-10: Virginia’s tobacco crop fails because of extended drought conditions.
• 1758: LEGISLATION: Virginia Assembly passes wildly unpopular “Two Penny Act,” forbidding payment in percentage of tobacco crop to some public officials, such as the Anglican clergy. The crop was small at this period, making tobacco a seller’s market. The law mandating a regular salary for these officials severely cut the clergy’s real income.
• 1759: GEORGE WASHINGTON, having gained 17,000 acres of farmland and 286 slaves from his new wife, MARTHA DANDRIDGE CUSTIS (these added to his own 30 slaves), harvests his first tobacco crop. The British market is unimpressed with its quality, and by 1761, Washington is deeply in debt.

1760: BUSINESS: Pierre Lorillard establishes a “manufactory” in New York City for processing pipe tobacco, cigars, and snuff. P. Lorillard is the oldest tobacco company in the US.
• 1761: SCIENCE: ENGLAND: Physician John Hill publishes “Cautions against the Immoderate Use of Snuff” — perhaps the first clinical study of tobacco effects. Hill warns snuff users they are vulnerable to cancers of the nose.
• 1761: SCIENCE: ENGLAND: Dr. Percival Pott notes incidence of cancer of the scrotum among chimneysweeps, theorizing a connection between cancer and exposure to soot.
• 1762: General Israel Putnam introduces cigar-smoking to the US. After a British campaign in Cuba, “Old Put” returns with three donkey-loads of Havana cigars; introduces the customers of his Connecticut brewery and tavern to cigar smoking (BD) • 1763: Patrick Henry argues a tobacco case, the “Parson’s Cause.”The clergy had been paid in tobacco until a late 1750s Virginia law which decreed they should be paid in currency at the fixed rate of 2 cent/lb. When tobacco began selling for 6 cents/lb, the clergy protested, and the law was vetoed by the Crown. The old Virginia law was still sometimes adhered to, however, and some clergy sued their parishes. Henry defended one such parish (Hanover County) in court. He berated England’s interference in domestic matters, and convinced the jury to give the plaintiff/clergyman only one penny in damages.
• 1769: Captain James Cook arrives, smoking a pipe. Thought a demon, the natives dowse him with water.

• 1770s: UK: Glasgow is Britain’s main tobacco port.
• 1770: Demuth Tobacco shop, the oldest tobacco shop in the nation is established by Christopher Demuth at 114 E. King St., Lancaster, PA.
• 1771-12-17: REGULATION: FRANCE: French official is condemned to be hanged for admitting foreign tobacco into the country.
• 1776: AMERICAN REVOLUTION Along “Tobacco Coast” (the Chesapeake), the Revolutionary War was variously known as “The Tobacco War.” Growers had found themselves perpetually in debt to British merchants; by 1776, growers owed the mercantile houses millions of pounds. British tobacco taxes are a further grievance. Tobacco helps finance the Revolution by serving as collateral for the loan Benjamin Franklin won from France–the security was 5 million pounds of Virginia tobacco. George Washington once appealed to his countrymen for aid to the army: “If you can’t send money, send tobacco.” During the war, it was tobacco exports that the fledgling government used to build up credits abroad. And, when the war was over, Americans turned to tobacco taxes to help repay the revolutionary war debt.
• 1779: Pope Benedict XII opens a tobacco factory

• 1780-1781: VIRGINIA: “TOBACCO WAR” waged by Lord Cornwallis to destroy basis of America’s credit abroad (ATS)
• 1781: Thomas Jefferson suggests tobacco cultivation in the “western country on the Mississippi.” (ATS)
• 1785: Conestoga wagons leave Pennsylvania for the West. The rolled tobacco leaves inside lead to the term “Stogies” for cigars.
• 1788: BUSINESS: Spanish NEW ORLEANS opened for export of tobacco by Americans in Mississippi valley. (ATS)
• 1788: AUSTRALIA: Tobacco arrives with the First Fleet
1789-1799: FRENCH REVOLUTION French masses begin to take to the cigarito, as the form of tobacco use least like the aristocratic snuff. The hated tobacco monopoly is abolished (to be resurrected by Napoleon)

• 1790s: Lorillard creates the US’s first national ad campaign by distributing its posters via post office..
• 1791: SCIENCE: ENGLAND: London physician John Hill reports cases in which use of snuff caused nasal cancers.
• 1791: FRANCE: The National Assembly grants the freedom to cultivate and sell tobacco.
• 1794: TAXES: The U.S Congress passes the first federal excise tax on tobacco products. The tax of 8 cents applies only to snuff, not the more plebian chewing or smoking tobacco. The tax is 60% of snuff’s usual selling price. James Madison opposed the tax, saying it deprive poorer people of innocent gratification
• 1795: SCIENCE: Sammuel Thomas von Soemmering of Maine reports on cancers of the lip in pipe smokers
• 1798. SCIENCE: Famed physician Benjamin Rush writes on the medical dangers of tobacco and claims that smoking or
chewing tobacco leads to drunkenness.
• 1798. The United States Marine Hospital Service is established. The service will become the Public Health Service in 1912 and had been made part of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare in 1953.

• 1800s: FRANCE: “Lorettes” — prostitutes near the Notre Dame de Lorettes church–are the first women to smoke publicly.
• 1800: CANADA: Tobacco begins being commercially grown in Southern Ontario.
• 1804-06: LEWIS AND CLARK explore Northwest, using gifts of tobacco as “life insurance.”
• 1805-7: CERIOLI isolates nicotine, the “essential oil” or “essence of tobacco”
• 1805-12-25: LEWIS AND CLARK: First Christmas in the Northwest. The Lewis & Clark party, having built a winter encampment at Fort Clatsop (OR), celebrates Christmas. Clark writes: “at day light this morning we we[re] awoke by the discharge of the fire arm of all our party & a Selute, Shoute and a Song which the whole party joined in under our windows, after which they retired to their rooms were Chearfull all the morning– after brackfast we divided our Tobacco which amounted to 12 carrots one half of which we gave to the men of the party who used tobacco, and to those who doe not use it we make a present of a handkerchief.”
• 1806-03-07: LEWIS AND CLARK. Patrick Gass, holed up with the expedition in Fort Clatsup, OR, writes, “Among our other difficulties, we now experience the want of tobacco. We use crabtree bark as a substitute.” • 1809: SCIENCE: FRANCE: Louis Nicolas Vanquelin isolates nicotine from tobacco smoke.

• 1810: CONNECTICUT: Cuban cigar-roller brought to Suffield to train local workers. (ATS)
• 1811: POETRY: A Farewell to Tobacco Charels Lamb
• 1818: REGULATION: PA: Smoking is banned on the streets of Lancaster. The first man to break the law and pay the 20 shilling fine is Mayor John Passmore.
• 1817: BUSINESS: SPAIN deregulates the growing, processing and selling of tobacco.

• 1820: American traders open the Santa Fe trail, find ladies of that city smoking “seegaritos.” (ATS)
• 1822: Hermbstdt isolates nicotine and calls the causa efficiens of nicotianas Nicotianin.”
• 1823: C. Clement Moore’s 1823 poem “A Visit From St. Nicholas” describes Santa Claus as pipe-smoker.
• 1826: ENGLAND is importing 26 pounds of cigars a year. The cigar becomes so popular that within four years, England will be importing 250,000 pounds of cigars a year.
• 1827: ENGLAND: First friction match invented. Chemist John Walker uses phosphorus (discovered in 1666) atop a wooden stick, calls his invention “Congreves,” after the rocket maker. Later they became known as “lucifers”, then “matches.” See the history here: http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blmatch.htm
• 1828: SPAIN:The cigarette becomes popular as a new way of smoking.They are sold individually, and in “rolls.”
• 1828: GERMANY: Heidelberg students Ludwig Reimann and Wilhelm Heinrich Posselt are credited with first isolating nicotine in a pure form; the active ingredient being the alkaloid C10H14N2. They write exhaustive dissertations on the pharmacology of nicotine, concluding it is a “dangerous poison.”

• 1830s: TOBACCO CONTROL: First organized anti-tobacco movement in US begins as adjunct to the temperance movement.
Tobacco use is considered to dry out the mouth, “creating a morbid or diseased thirst” which only liquor could quench..
• 1830: PRUSSIA: Prussian Government enacts a law that cigars , in public, be smoked in a sort of wire-mesh contraption designed to prevent sparks setting fire to ladies’ “crinolines” and hoop skirts. (BD)
• 1832: TURKEY: Invention of the paper-rolled cigarette? While Southwest Indians, Aztecs and Mayans had used hollow reeds, cane or maize to fashion cylindrical tobacco-holders, and Sevillians had rolled cigar-scraps in thrown-away paper (papeletes), an Egyptian artilleryman [in the Turk/Egyptian war] is credited with the invention of the cigarette as we know it. In the siege of Acre, the Egyptian’s cannon crew had improved their rate of fire by rolling the gunpowder in paper tubes. For this, he and his crew were rewarded with a pound of tobacco. Their sole pipe was broken, however, so they took to rolling the pipe tobacco in the paper. The invention spread among both Egyptian and Turkish soldiers. And thus . . . (Good-Bye to All That, 1970)
• 1832: AGRICULTURE: TUCK patents curing method for Virginia leaf.
• 1832: BOOKS: Domestinc Manners of the Americans by Frances Trollope
• 1833-02-27 RELIGION: In Kirtland, OH, Mormon founder Joseph Smith announces to church leaders that God opposes strong drinks, hot drinks and tobacco. This proclamation becomes known as the “Word of Wisdom,” but considered as counsel or advice, rather than a commandment.
• 1832: BOOKS: American Notes by Charles Dickens
• 1836: USA: Samuel Green of the New England Almanack and Farmers Friend writes that tobacco is an insectide, a poison, a fillthy habit, and can kill a man. (LB)
• 1839: AGRICULTURE: NORTH CAROLINA: SLADE “yallercure” presages flue-cured Bright tobacco. Charcoal used in flue-curing for the first time in North Carolina. Not only cheaper, its intense heat turns the thinner, low-nicotine Piedmont leaf a brilliant golden color. This results in the classic American “Bright leaf” variety, which is so mild it virtually invites a smoker to inhale it.(RK), (ATS) (Legend has it that one night, an 18-year-old slave named Peter was assigned to keep watch over a barn of tobacco on the Slade Farm, tending the fire, feeding it just enough wood to push a steady, smoky heat through the barn. He fell asleep, and only woke up after a rainstorm had cooled the barn–and drenched his wood. Desperate, he got some charcoal from the blacksmith shop and used it to superheat the barn. This process accidentally turned the tobacco golden, and imbued it with a mild, buttery taste. Thus was the bright-leaf tobacco industry was born.)

• 1840: BUSINESS: Miflin Marsh begins Marsh Wheeling Cigars in his Wheeling, WV, home.
• 1840: Boston, MA, bans smoking as fire hazard.
• 1840: FRANCE: Frederic Chopin’s mistress, the Baroness de Dudevant, is the first woman to smoke in public.
• 1842: CHINA: OPIUM WAR. Treaty of Nanjing forces China to accept opium from British traders
• 1843: FRANCE: SEITA monopoly begins manufacture of cigarettes.
• 1843: MEDICINE: The correct molecular formula of nicotine is established
• 1845: JOHN QUINCY ADAMS writes to the Rev. Samuel H. Cox: “In my early youth I was addicted to the use of tobacco in two of its mysteries, smoking and chewing. I was warned by a medical friend of the pernicious operation of this habit upon the stomach and the nerves.”
• 1845: BOOKS: Prosper Merimee’s novel, Carmen, about a cigarette girl in an Andalusian factory, is published
• 1846-1848: MEXICAN WAR US soldiers bring back from the Southwest a taste for the darker, richer tobacco favored in Latin countries–cigarros and cigareillos–leading to an explosive increase in the use of the cigar. (The South remains firmly attached to chewing tobacco.)
• 1847: ENGLAND: Philip Morris opens shop; sells hand-rolled Turkish cigarettes.
• 1848: GERMANY: REGULATION: Abolition of the last restrictions in Berlin (AHS)
• 1848: ITALY: “Tobacco War” erupts as Italians stop smoking to protest AUSTRIAN control of the tobacco monopoly. When Austrian soldiers smoke cigars on the street, deadly riots break out.
• 1849: BUSINESS: J.E. Liggett and Brother is established in St. Louis, Mo., by John Edmund Liggett
• 1849: CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH: One commentator writes of this period: “I have seen purer liquors, better seegars, finer tobacco, truer guns and pistols, larger dirks and bowie knives, and prettier cortezans, here in San Francisco than in any place I have ever visited, and it is my unbiased opinion that California can and does furnish the best bad things that are obtainable in America.”

• 1852:Washington Duke, a young tobacco farmer, builds a modest, two-story home near Durham, NC, for himself and his new bride. The house, and the log structure which served as a “tobacco factory” after the Civil War may still be seen at the Duke Homestead Museum.
• 1852: Matches are introduced, making smoking more convenient.
• 1853-1856: EUROPE: CRIMEAN WAR British soldiers learn how cheap and convenient the cigarettes (“Papirossi”) used by their Turkish allies are, and bring the practise back to England. The story goes that the English captured a Russian train loaded with provisions–including cigarettes…
• 1854: ENGLAND: BUSINESS: London tobacconist Philip Morris begins making his own cigarettes. Old Bond Street soon becomes the center of the retail tobacco trade.
• 1854: FRIEDRICH TIEDEMANN writes the first exhaustive treatment on tobacco.
• 1854: First North American patent for a fire-safe (self-extinguishing) cigarette is registered. (Bristol 11.409)
• 1855: J.E. Lundstrom invents the safety match, which requires a special striking surface.
• 1855: “Annual Report of the New York Anti-Tobacco Society for 1855” calls tobacco a “fashionable poison,” warns against addiction and claims half of all deaths of smokers between 35 and 50 were caused by smoking.
• 1856-1857: ENGLAND: A running debate among readers about the health effects of tobacco runs in the British medical journal, Lancet. The argument runs as much along moral as medical lines, with little substantiation.(RK)
• 1856: BUSINESS: NORTHERN IRELAND: Tom Gallaher begins a business making Irish roll tobacco in Londonderry.
• 1856-1857: ENGLAND: The country’s first cigarette factory is opened by Crimean vet Robert Gloag, manufacturing “Sweet Threes” (GTAT)
• 1856: PEOPLE: James Buchanan “Buck” Duke is born to Washington “Wash” Duke, an independent farmer who hated the plantation class, opposed slavery, and raised food and a little tobacco.
• 1857: BUSINESS: NORTHERN IRELAND: Gallaher is founded in Londonderry by Tom Gallaher. Later, he moved the firm to Belfast.
• 1858: Treaty of Tianjin allows cigarettes to be imported into China duty-free.
• 1858: First Chinese Immigrant arrives in New York City, Sells Cigars. Ah Ken moves into a house on Mott St., opens a cigar store on Park Row. ( Low Life, Sante, 1991)
• 1858: Fears are first raised about the health effects of smoking in The Lancet
• 1859: Reverend George Trask publishes tract “Thoughts and stories for American Lads: Uncle Toby’s anti-tobacco advice to his nephew Billy Bruce”. He writes, “Physicians tell us that twenty thousand or more in our own land are killed by [tobacco] every year (LB)

• 1860: The Census for Virginia and North Carolina list 348 tobacco factories, virtually all producing chewing tobacco. Only 6 list smoking tobacco as a side-product (which is manufactured from scraps left over from plug production).
• 1860: BUSINESS: Manufactured cigarettes appear. A popular early brand is Blackwell Tobacco Company’s Bull Durham, which rose to become the most famous brand in world, and gave rise to the term “bull pen” for a baseball dugout.
• 1860: BUSINESS: MARKETING: Lorillard wraps $100 bills at random in packages of cigarette tobacco named “Century,” in order to celebrate the hundredth anniversary of the firm (BD)
• 1861-1865: USA: THE CIVIL WAR: Tobacco is given with rations by both North and South; many Northerners are introduced to tobacco this way. During Sherman’s march, Union soldiers, now attracted to the mild, sweet “bright” tobacco of the South, raided warehouses–including Washington Duke’s–for some chew on the way home. Some bright made it all the way back.
Bright tobacco becomes the rage in the North.
• 1862: THE CIVIL WAR: First federal USA tax on tobacco; instituted to help pay for the Civil War, yields about three million dollars.(TSW)
• 1863: SUMATRA: Nienhuys creates Indonesian tobacco industry. Dutch businessman Jacobus Nienhuys travels to Sumatra seeking to buy tobacco, but finds poor growing and production facilities; his efforts to rectify the situation are credited with establishing the indonesian tobacco industry.
• 1863: US Mandates Cigar Boxes. Congress passes a law calling for manufacturers to create cigar boxes on which IRS agents can paste Civil War excise tax stamps. The beginning of “cigar box art.”
• 1864: CIVIL WAR: The first federal cigarette excise tax is imposed to help pay for the Civil War.
• 1864: AGRICULTURE: WHITE BURLEY first cultivated in Ohio Valley; highly absorbent, chlorophyll-deficient new leaf proves ideal for sweetened chewing tobacco.
• 1864: BUSINESS: 1st American cigarette factory opens and produces almost 20 million cigarettes.
• 1865-70: NEW YORK CITY: Demand for exotic Turkish cigarettes grows in New York City; skilled European rollers imported by New York tobacco shops. (ATS)
• 1868: UK: Parliament passes the Railway Bill of 1868, which mandates smoke-free cars to prevent injury to non-smokers.
• 1868/69?: BUSINESS: Allen & Gintner’s Sweet Caporals brand is introduced.

• 1871: BUSINESS: R.A. Patterson founds the “Lucky Strike” company, named for the 1849 California Gold Rush.
• 1871: TAXES: The federal income tax, instituted in 1862, is repealed, replaced by liquor and tobacco taxes to finance the federal budget.
• 1873: BUSINESS: Philip Morris dies. (Yes, that Philip Morris) His wife, Margaret, and brother, Leopold, take over.
• 1873: Myers Brothers and Co. markets “Love” tobacco with theme of North-South Civil War reconcilliation.
• 1874: BUSINESS: Washington Duke, with his sons Benjamin N. Duke and James Buchanan Duke, builds his first tobacco factory
• 1874: BUSINESS: Samuel Gompers creates the first Union label; persuades a consortium of California cigar makers to apply a label that attest the cigar has been untouched by Chinese labor.
• 1875: BUSINESS: Allen and Ginter offer a reward of $75,000 for cigarette rolling machine. (LB)
• 1875: BUSINESS: R. J. Reynolds founds R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company to produce chewing tobacco, soon producing brands like Brown’s Mule, Golden Rain, Dixie’s Delight, Yellow Rose, Purity.
• 1875: BUSINESS: Richmond, VA: Allen & Ginter cigarette brands (“Richmond Straight Cut No. 1,” “Pet”) begin using picture cards to stiffen the pack and give the buyer a premium. Some themes: “Fifty Scenes of Perilous Occupations,” “Flags of All
Nations,” boxers, actresses, famous battles, etc. The cards are a huge hit.(RK)
• 1875: ART: Georges Bizet’s opera, Carmen, based on Merimee’s novel about a cigarette girl in an Andalusian factory, opens. • 1876: CENNTENNIAL CELEBRATION: PHILADELPHIA: Allen & Ginter’s cigarette displays are so impressive that some writers thought the Philadelphia exposition marked the birth of the cigarette as well as the telephone. (CC)
• 1876: Benson & Hedges receives its first royal warrant from Edward VII, Prince of Wales.
• 1878: BUSINESS: J.E. Liggett & Brother incorporates as Liggett & Myers Company. By 1885 Liggett is world’s largest plug tobacco manufacturer; doesn’t make cigarettes until the 1890’s
• 1878: BUSINESS: Trading cards and coupons begin being widely used in cigarette packs. Edward Bok suggested to a manufacturer that the blank “cardboard stiffeners” in the “cigarette sandwich’, might have biographies on one side and pictures on the other. The American News Company-distributed Marquis of Lorne cigarettes were the first to have the new picture cards in each pack (GTAT)

• 1880: ENGLAND: BUSINESS: Leopold Morris buys Margaret’s share of the Philip Morris business, and brings in a new partner.
• 1880s: USA: Women’s Christian Temperance Movement publishes a “Leaflet for Mothers’ Meetings” titled “Narcotics”, by Lida B. Ingalls. Discusses evils of tobacco, especially cigarettes. Cigarettes are “doing more to-day to undermine the constitution of our young men and boys than any other one evil” (p. 7). (LB)
• 1880s: Cigarette cards, previously only used as stiffeners, begin displaying pictures.
• 1880s: ADVERTISING: Improvements in transportation, manufacturing volume, and packaging lead to the ability to sell the same branded product nationwide. What can be sold nationwide can and must be advertised nationwide. Advertising agencies sprout like wildflowers. The most advertised product throughout most of the 19th century: elixirs and patent medicines of the “cancer cure” variety.
• 1880s: ENGLAND: BUSINESS: Mssrs. Richard Benson and William Hedges open a tobacconist shop near Philip Morris in London.(RK)
• 1880s. BUSINESS: JB Duke’s aggressive saleman Edward Featherston Small hires a cigarette saleswoman, Mrs. Leonard.
In .St. Louis, when retailers ignored him, Small advertised for a saleswoman. A petite, thin-lipped widow, a Mrs. Leonard, applied for the job and was accepted. This little stunt gave the Dukes thousands of dollars of free publicity in the local newspapers.
(CC)
• 1880: BUSINESS: Bonsack machine granted first cigarette machine patent
• 1881: ENGLAND: BUSINESS: Philip Morris goes public.
• 1881: BUSINESS James Buchanan (“Buck”) Duke enters the manufacturered cigarette business, moving 125 Russian Jewish immigrants to Durham, NC. First cigarette: Duke of Durham brand. Duke’s factory produces 9.8 million cigarettes, 1.5 % of the total market.
• 1883: BUSINESS: Oscar Hammerstien receives patent on cigar rolling machine.(TSW)
• 1883: US ends the 1862 Civil War excise tax on cigars, helping to usher in a 40-year Golden Age of cigar smoking.
• 1884: BUSINESS: Duke heads to New York City to take his tobacco business national and form a cartel that eventually becomes the American Tobacco Co. Duke buys 2 Bonsack machines., getting one of them to produce 120,000 cigarettes in 10 hours by the end of the year. In this year Duke produces 744 million cigarettes, more than the national total in 1883. Duke’s airtight contracts with Bonsack allow him to undersell all competitors.
• 1885: ENGLAND: BUSINESS: Leopold Morris joins with Joseph Grunebaum to establish Philip Morris & Company and Grunebaum, Ltd.
• 1886: BUSINESS: Patent received for machine to manufacture plug tobacco. (LB)
• 1886: BUSINESS: Tampa, FL: Don Vicente Martinez Ybor opens his first cigar factory. Others follow. Within a few years, Ybor city will become the cigar capital of the US.
• 1886: BUSINESS: JB Duke targets women with “Cameo” brand.

• 1887: ENGLAND: BUSINESS: Leopold Morris and Grunebaum dissolve their partnership. Company becomes Philip Morris & Co., Ltd.
• 1887: PALESTINE: A traveler reports that the Arabs of the Syrian Desert get giddy and headaches from a few whiffs of tobacco. They smoke a local plant ‘Hyoscyamus’. (LB)
• 1887: USA: Advice from the cigar and tobacco price list of M. Breitweiser and Brothers of Buffalo, Item #5 — “If you think smoking injurious to your health, stop smoking in the morning”. (LB)
• 1887: USA: Two men held pipe smoking contest that lasted one and a half hours. Victory was declared when one man filled his pipe for the tenth time, his oppenent did not. (LB)
• 1887: BUSINESS: His contracts with Bonsack unknown to his competitors, Buck Duke slashes prices, sparking a price war he knew he’d win.
• 1887: BUSINESS: Connorton’s Tobacco Brand Directory of the United States lists St. Louis as No. 1 in tobacco output.
• 1889: SCIENCE: Nicotine and nerve cells reported on. Langley and Dickinson publish landmark studies on the effects of nicotine on the ganglia; they hypothesize that there are receptors and transmitters that respond to stimulation by specific chemicals. (RK)
• 1889: USA: ADVERTISING: Buck Duke spends an unheard-of $800,000 in billboard and newspaper advertising.
• 1889-04-23: BUSINESS: The five leading cigarette firms, including W. Duke Sons & Company, unite. James Buchanan “Buck” Duke emerges as the president of the new American Tobacco Company.
• 1889: Lung cancer is an extremely rare disease: there are only 140 documented cases worldwide ( Kaminsky M. Ein primres Lungencarcinom mit verhornten Plattenepithelien. Greifswald: Inaug. Diss, 1898.)

• c.1890s: USA: Women’s Christian Temperance Movement publishes “Narcotics”, by E. B. Ingalls. Pamphlet discusses evils of numerous drugs, tobacco, cocaine, ginger, hashish, and headache medicines. Offers 16 suggestions to workers. (LB)
• c.1890s: INDONESIA: BUSINESS: “Kretek” cigarettes invented. The story is that Noto Semito of Kudus was desperate to cure his asthma. He rolled tobacco mixed with crushed cloves in dried corn leaves–and cured his respiratory ailments. He then Began manufacturing clove cigarettes under the name BAL TIGA (Three Balls). He became a millionaire, but competition was so fierce he eventurally died penniless in 1953.
• 1890: BUSINESS: Peak of chewing tobacco consumption in U. S., three pounds per capita. (ATS)
• 1890: BUSINESS: Key West, with a population of 18,786, is the largest city in Florida. Its biggest industry is cigar-making, which employs more than 2,000 workers.
• 1890: “Tobacco” appears in the US Pharmacopoeia, an official government listing of drugs.
• 1890: REGULATION: 26 states and territories have outlawed the sale of cigarettes to minors (age of a “minor” in a particulary state could be anything from 14-24.)
• 1890: REGULATION: PAKISTAN: The Railways Act prohibits smoking in railway compartments without the consent of fellow passengers. (Repealed in 1959 by then-provicial governemtn of West Pakistan)
• 1890: BUSINESS: Dukes establish the American Tobacco Company, which will soon monopolize the entire US tobacco industry. ATC will be dissolved in Anti-Trust action in 1911.
1890: LITERATURE: My Lady Nicotine, by Sir James Barrie, London
1892: REGULATION: Reformers petition Congress to prohibit the manufacture, importation and sale of cigarettes. The Senate Committee on Epidemic Diseases, while agreeing that cigarettes are a public health hazard, finds that only the states have the authority to act. The committee urges the petitioners to seek redress from state legislatures.
• 1892: BUSINESS: Book matches are invented, but are a technological failure. Since the striking surface was inside the book, all the matches caught fire often. By 1912, the technology would be perfected.
• 1893: SCIENCE: Pure nicotine is first synthesized by Pictet and Crepieux.
• 1893: REGULATION: The state of Washington bans the sale and use of cigarettes. The law is overturned on constitutional grounds as a restraint of free trade.
• 1894: BUSINESS: By now, Philip Morris passes from the troubled Morris family, to the control of William Curtis Thompson and his family (RK).
• 1894: BUSINESS: Brown & Williamson formed as a partnership in Winston-Salem, NC,, making mostly plug, snuff and pipe tobacco. (RK).
• 1894: LITERATURE: Under Two Flags by Ouida (Louise de la Ramee). Cigarette, the waif heroine “Rides like an Arab, Smokes like a Zouave.” Cigarette is describes as “Enfant de L’armee, Femme de la Fume, Soldat de la France.”
• 1894: AGRICULTURE: ZIMBABWE begins growing tobacco.
• 1895: ADVERTISING: First known motion picture commercial is made, an ad for Admiral cigarettes produced by Thomas A.
Edison’s company.
• 1896: REGULATION: Smoking banned in the House; chewing still allowed
• 1898: SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR: Congress raises taxes on cigarettes 200%
• 1898: LITIGATION: Tennessee Supreme Court upholds a total ban on cigarettes, ruling they are “not legitimate articles of commerce, because wholly noxious and deleterious to health. Their use is always harmful.”
• 1899: Lucy Payne Gaston, who claims that young men who smoke develop a distinguishable “cigarette face,” founds the Chicago Anti-Cigarette League, which grows by 1911 to the Anti-Cigarette League of America, and by 1919 to the AntiCigarette League of the World.
• 1899: HEALTH: First edition of the Merck Manual is published; it recommends smoking tobacco to treat bronchitis and asthma.
• 1899: TAXES: The Senate Finance Committee, in secret session, rolls back the wartime excise tax on cigarettes.(RK) • 1899: BUSINESS: Benson & Hedges open a tony shop on 5th Avenue in New York City, providing elegant cigarettes for the carriage trade.
• 1899: BUSINESS: Liggett & Myers taken into Duke’s Tobacco Trust. Duke has finally won the Bull Durham brand of chew. Bull Durham is the most famous trademark in the world, giving rise to the term “bull pen” (from a Bull Durham ad painted behind the Yankees’ dugout), and “shooting the bull” (most likely from chewing tobacco). The bull was advertised all over the world, and even painted on the Great Pyramid of Egypt.
• 1899: BUSINESS: KOREA: Korea Tobacco and Ginseng (KTG) is founded as a state monopoly on ginseng. The monopoly was expanded to include tobacco in 1921.
• 1899: BUSINESS: RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company incorporates..
• 1899: BUSINESS: Pall Mall brand is introduced by Butler & Butler Tobacco Co. in New York.

• 1900: Brosch experiments with tobacco carcinogenisis on guinea pigs
• 1900: REGULATION: Washington, Iowa, Tennessee and North Dakota have outlawed the sale of cigarettes.
• 1900: CONSUMPTION: 4.4 billion cigarettes are sold this year. The anti-cigarette movement has destroyed many smaller companies. Buck Duke is selling 9 out of 10 cigarettes in the US.
• 1900: SCOTUS: US Supreme Court uphold’s Tennessee’s ban on cigarette sales. One Justice, repeating a popular notion of the day, says, “there are many [cigarettes] whose tobacco has been mixed with opium or some other drug, and whose wrapper has been saturated in a solution of arsenic.”.
• 1900: BUSINESS: RJ Reynolds reluctantly folds his company into Duke’s Tobacco Trust
• 1900: BUSINESS: There are appoximately 300,000 cigar brands on the market
• 1901: REGULATION: Strong anti-cigarette activity in 43 of the 45 states. “[O]nly Wyoming and Louisiana had paid no attention to the cigarette controversy, while the other forty-three states either already had anti-cigarette laws on the books, were considering new or tougher anti-cigarette laws, or were the scenes of heavy anti- cigarette activity” (Dillow, 1981:10). • 1901: ENGLAND: END OF AN AGE: QUEEN VICTORIA DIES. Edward VII, the tobacco-hating queen’s son and successor, gathers friends together in a large drawing room at Buckingham Palace. He enters the room with a lit cigar in his hand and announces, “Gentlemen, you may smoke.”
• 1901: ENGLAND: BUSINESS: By royal warrant, Philip Morris & Co., Ltd., is appointed tobacconist for King Edward VII.
• 1901: BUSINESS: Duke fuses his Continental Tobacco and American Tobacco companies into Consolidated Tobacco.
• 1901: BUSINESS: UK: Duke’s Consolidated buys the British Ogden tobacco firm, signalling a raid on the British industry.
• 1901-12-10: BUSINESS: UK: Incorporation of The Imperial Tobacco Co. of Great Britain and Ireland Ltd; Imperial is born. 13 of the largest British tobacco companies, including W.D. & H.O. Wills, unite to combat Duke’s take-over, and form the Bristolbased Imperial Tobacco Co.
• 1901: CONSUMPTION: 3.5 billion cigarettes and 6 billion cigars are sold. Four in five American men smoke at least one cigar a day.
• 1902: BUSINESS: In an end to the war, Imperial Tobacco (UK) and Buck Duke’s American Tobacco Co. (USA) agree to stay in their own countries, and unite to form a joint venture, the British American Tobacco Company (BAT) to sell both companies’ brands abroad.
• 1902: Philip Morris sets up a corporation on Broad St. in New York to sell its British brands, including one named “Marlboro.” Ownership is split 50-50 between the British parent and American partners.
• 1902: BUSINESS: ENGLAND: King Albert, long a fan of Philip Morris, Ltd., appoints the Bond St. boutique royal tobacconist.(RK)
• 1902: USA: Sears, Roebuck and Co catalogue (page 441) sells “Sure Cure for the Tobacco Habit”. Slogan “Tobacco to the
Dogs”. The product “will destroy the effects of nicotine”. (LB)
• 1902: Spring: Topsy, the ill-tempered Coney Island elephant, kills J. F. Blount, a keeper, who tried to feed a lighted cigarette to her. She picked him up with her trunk and dashed him to the ground, killing him instantly. On January 5, 1903, 1500 watch Topsy’s electrocution in Coney Island.
1903: BRAZIL: Souza Cruz founded.
1903: LEGISLATION: Kansas Legislature enacts the “slobbering” bill, prohibiting spitting tobacco on floors, walls or carpets in churches, schools or public buildings.
• 1903-08: The August Harpers Weekly says, “A great many thoughtful and intelligent men who smoke don’t know if it does them good or harm. They notice bad effects when they smoke too much. They know that having once acquired the habit, it bothers them . . . to have their allowance of tobacco cut off.”
• 1904: BUSINESS: Connorton’s Tobacco Directory lists 2,124 “cigarettes, cigarros and cheroots.” (GTAT)
• 1904: BUSINESS: Cigarette coupons first used as “come ons” for a new chain of tobacco stores.
• 1904: BUSINESS: Duke forms the American Tobacco Co. by the merger of 2 subsidiaries, Consolidated and American & Continental. The only form of tobacco Duke does not control is cigars–the form with the most prestige.
• 1904: MEDICINE: The first laboratory synthesis of nicotine is reported
• 1904: New York: A judge sends a woman is sent to jail for 30 days for smoking in front of her children.
• 1904: New York CIty. A woman is arrested for smoking a cigarette in an automobile. “You can’t do that on Fifth Avenue,” the arresting officer says
• 1904: Kentucky tobacco farmers form a violent “protective association” to protect themselves against rapacious tactics of large manufacturers, mostly the Duke combine. They destroy tobacco factories, crops, and even murder other planters.
Disbanded in 1915.
• 1905: POLITICS: Indiana legislature bribery attempt is exposed, leading to passage of total cigarette ban • 1905: U.S. warships head to Nicaragua on behalf of William Albers, a Amaerican accused of evading tobacco taxes
• 1905: BUSINESS: ATC acquires R.A. Patterson’s Lucky Strike company.
• 1905: REGULATION: “Tobacco” does not appear in the US Pharmacopoeia, an official government listing of drugs. “The removal of tobacco from the Pharmacopoeia was the price that had to be paid to get the support of tobacco state legislators for the Food and Drug Act of 1906. The elimination of the word tobacco automatically removed the leaf from FDA supervision.”–
Smoking and Politics: Policymaking and the Federal Bureaucracy Fritschler, A. Lee. 1969, p. 37
• 1906 BUSINESS: Brown and Williamson Tobacco Company is formed
• 1906 BUSINESS: R.J. Reynolds introduces Prince Albert pipe tobacco
• 1906-06-30: FEDERAL FOOD AND DRUGS ACT of 1906 prohibits sale of adulterated foods and drugs, and mandates honest statement of contents on labels. Food and Drug Administration begins. Originally, nicotine is on the list of drugs; after tobacco industry lobbying efforts, nicotine is removed from the list.
Definition of a drug includes medicines and preparations listed in U.S. Pharmacoepia or National Formulary.
1914 interpretation advised that tobacco be included only when used to cure, mitigate, or prevent disease.
• 1907: Business owners are refusing to hire smokers. On August 8, the New York Times writes: “Business … is doing what all the anti-cigarette specialists could not do.”
• 1907: BUSINESS: American Tobacco purchases Butler & Butler, acquiring the Pall Mall brand.
• 1907: REGULATION: WASHINGTON passes a law making it illegal to “manufacture, sell, exchange, barter, dispose of or give away any cigarettes, cigarette paper or cigarette wrappers.”
• 1907: REGULATION: Teddy Roosevelt’s Justice Department files anti-trust charges against American Tobacco.
• 1907: ADVERTISING: Bull Durham ad shocks New York. In 1907, the American Tobacco Company signed a contract with the operator of a horse-drawn stage line in New York to lease advertising space. One very controversial ad appeared for “Bull” Durham, the nation’s leading tobacco brand. “Onlookers were shocked at the sight of the bull’s well-endowed maleness so graphically rendered, and had the driver of the first stage that appeared on the street arrested.” The City of New York sued the coach company and its client, the American Tobacco Company, to ban the ads. The case went all the way to the Supreme Court in 1911, which upheld New York’s ban. Ironically, this case ruling took place the day after the same court handed down a historic verdict ordering the dissolution of the Buck Duke’s $240 million-a-year American Tobacco Company monopoly, which the court deemed in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act. –Moyer, D. The Tobacco Reference Guide http://new.globalink.org/tobacco/trg/Chapter4/Chap4Page52.html
• 1907-01-26: REGULATION: THE TILLMAN ACT. Congress enacts law prohibiting campaign contributions by corporations to candidates for national posts. However, no restrictions were placed on the individuals who owned or managed the corporations. Enforcement was imposssible.
“Behind the ostensible government sits enthroned an invisible government owing no allegiance and acknowledging no responsibility to the people. To destroy this invisible government, to befoul the unholy alliance between corrupt business and corrupt politics is the first task of the statesmanship of today.”–Theodore Roosevelt
• 1908: CANADA: LEGISLATION: The Tobacco Restraint Act passed. Bans sales of cigarettes to those under 16; never enforced. • 1908: ENGLAND: LEGISLATION: 1908 Children Act prohibits the sales of tobacco to under 16s — based on the belief that smoking stunts childrens growth. This act paralleled similar acts for alcohol–based on medical and moral issues– and concern for the welfare of children in general.
• 1908: BUSINESS: RJ Reynolds releases Prince Albert pipe tobacco, “the Joy Smoke.”, catapulting Reynolds to a national market. (RK)
• 1908: REGULATION: New York city passes Sullivan Act, its first smoking ban: managers of public establishments must not permit females to smoke. An earlier ordinance which would have forbidden men to smoke in the presence of women failed to pass. One Katie Mulcahy is arrested for lighting up. Two weeks after enactment, Mayor George B. McClellan vetoes the ordinance.
• 1909: 15 states have passed legislation banning the sale of cigarettes.
• 1909: SPORTS: Baseball great Honus Wagner orders American Tobacco Company take his picture off their “Sweet Caporal” cigarette packs, fearing they would lead children to smoke. The shortage makes the Honus Wagner card the most valuable of all time, worth close to $500,000.

• 1910: CONSUMPTION: Per capita cigarette consumption: 94/year. Per capita cigar consumption: 77/year. (International Smoking Statistice) Because of the heavy use of the inexpensive cigarette by immigrants, New York still accounts for 25% of all cigarette sales. A New York Times editorial praises the Non Smokers Protective League, saying anything that could be done to allay “the general and indiscriminate use of tobacco in public places, hotels, restaurants, and railroad cars, will receive the approval of everybody whose approval is worth having.” (RK)
• 1910: TAXES: Federal tax revenues from tobacco products are $58 million, 13% from cigarettes.
• 1910: BUSINESS: The famous T206 series of tobacco baseball cards is issued by the makers of 16 different cigarette brands.
The original set consists of 389 cards.
1910: BUSINESS: FRANCE: ‘Gitanes’ and ‘Gauloises’ cigarettes are introduced.
1911: BUSINESS: THE INDUSTRY IN 1911:
• Duke’s American Tobacco Co. controls 92% of the world’s tobacco business.
• Leading National Brand: Fatima, (first popular brand to be sold in 20-unit packs; 15 cents) from Liggett & Myers, a Turkish/domestic blend. Most popular in Eastern urban areas. Other Turkish/domesitc competitors: Omar (ATC);
Zubelda (Lorillard); Even the straight domestic brands were seasoned with a sprinkling of Turkish, like Sweet
Caporals (originally made for F.S. Kinney and later for American Tobacco)
• Leading Brand in Southeast: Piedmont, an all-Bright leaf brand.
• Leading Brand in New Orleans: Home Run, (5 cents for 20) an all-Burley leaf brand.

• 1911: Tobacco -growing is allowed in England for the first time in more than 250 years.
• 1911: American Tobacco Co. establishes a Research Department.
• 1911-08-03: PUBLISHING: LIFE MAGAZINE’s cover features a diapered baby girl smoking one of her mother’s cigarettes. The caption: “My Lady Nicotine.”
• 1911-05-29: SCOTUS: “Trustbusters” break up American Tobacco Co. US Supreme Court dissolves Duke’s trust as a monopoly and in violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890). The major companies to emerge are: American Tobacco Co., R.J. Reynolds, Liggett & Myers Tobacco Company (Durham, NC), Lorillard and British-American Tobacco (BAT). RJ Reynolds says, “Now watch me give Buck Duke hell.” BAT is listed on the London Stock Exchange.
• Liggett & Myers was given about 28 per cent of the cigarette market:
o Piedmont o Fatima o American Beauty o Home Run o Imperiales o Coupon o King Bee
o Fatima (the only 15 Turkish blend o and the cheap straight domestic brands.

• P. Lorillard received 15 per cent of the nation’s business:
o Helmar
o Egyptian Deities o Turkish Trophies o Murad o Mogul

o and all straight Turkish brands

• American Tobacco retained 37 per cent of the market:
o Pall Mall, its expensive all-Turkish brand, named for a fashionable London street in the 18th century where “pall-mall” (a precursor to croquet) was played.
o Sweet Caporal o Hassan o Mecca

• R. J. Reynolds received no cigarette line but was awarded 20 per cent of the plug trade.

• 1911: Dr. Charles Pease states position of the NonSmokers’ Protective League of America:
• 1912: BUSINESS: Newly freed Liggett & Myers introduces “Chesterfield” brand cigarettes, with the slogan: They do satisfy • 1912: BUSINESS: R.J. Reynolds, fearful of Wall St. raiders, introduces an employee stock plan/profit-sharing plan that eventually enriches many.
• 1912: BUSINESS: Book matches are finally perfected by Diamond Co., making the appeal of cigarettes – in portability and ease of use – even greater.
• 1912: BUSINESS: The IMPERIAL TOBACCO COMPANY OF CANADA is incorporated with the assistance of British-American Tobacco (which had been created by the joining of Imperial Tobacco and American Tobacco) to produce and market tobacco products across Canada
• 1912: BUSINESS: George Whelan puts his United Cigar Stores company under a holding company, Tobacco Products Corporation, and starts buying small tobacco independents.
• 1912: USA: Reprint of report of the perfection of a nicotine oil spray. This makes it easier to apply the nicotine extract as an insecticde to plants. (LB)
• 1912: USA: The members of the Non-Smokers’ Protective League received editorial ridicule in various newspapers. One newspaper states, “Smoking may be offensive to some people, but ecourages peace and morality”. Pipes and cigars are easily defended, but cigarettes may be a problem. (LB)
• 1912: HEALTH: First strong link made between lung cancer and smoking. In a monograph, Dr. Isaac Adler is the first to strongly suggest that lung cancer is related to smoking.
• 1912: USA: Article on substitutes for tobacco, such as ground coffee, coffee bean, hemp, leaves of the tomato or potato or holly or camphor, or “the egg plant, and the colt’s foot”. (LB)
• 1912: USA: Article titled “How some men stop smoking”; in which they never stop for more than a few hours. The question is raised, “How can we break ourselves of it? — not the tobacco, but the thought that we ought to stop it?” (LB)
1912: MEDICINE: The first lobectomy–removal of a lobe of the lung–for lung cancer is accomplished in London by surgeon Hugh Morriston Davies. The patient dies 8 days later because the lung cavity is not drained, a procedure not followed in such cases until 1929.
• 1912: SINKING OF THE TITANIC Men in tuxedos are observed smoking cigarettes as they await their fate. (RK)
• 1912: REGULATION: TRADING WITH THE ENEMY ACT. It is under this act that present-day Cuban cigar smugglers would be prosecuted. It carries a maximum penalty of $250,000 and 10 years in jail.
• 1912: The UNITED STATES MARINE HOSPITAL SERVICE becomes the PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE.
• 1912: BUSINESS: ENGLAND: Walter Molins and his son, Desmond form MOLINS MACHINE CO. LTD., specializing in the making of cigarette machinery.
• 1912: BUSINESS: PERCIVAL S. HILL becomes president of The AMERICAN TOBACCO COMPANY
• 1913: AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR THE CONTROL OF CANCER is formed to inform the public about the disease. It will later become the AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY.(RK)
• 1913-10-21: BUSINESS: Birth of the “modern” cigarette: RJ REYNOLDS introduces CAMEL, the nation’s first pre-blended, packaged cigarette. The blend becomes known as “American blend,” and helps Camel become the first nationally popular cigarette. Camels come in the country’s first 20-cigarette pack.
• 1913-14: ADVERTISING: PRINCE ALBERT tobacco uses CHIEF JOSEPH of the Nez Perce Indians in its ads.
• 1914: HEALTH: Lung cancer death rate is 0.6 per 100,000 (US Census Bureau); 371 cases reported in the US. (RK).
• 1914: REGULATION: Smoking is banned in the US Senate chamber because a senator recovering from a stroke complained of irritated lungs; chewing is still allowed.
• 1914: BUSINESS: Peak of the cigar industry: there are 24,000 cigar factories in the US, including hundreds in Brooklyn, NY.
• 1914: BUSINESS: BRAZIL: BAT acquires Souza Cruz.
• 1914: OPINION: Thomas Edison writes to Henry Ford that the health danger of cigarettes actually lies in “the burning paper wrapper” which emits acrolein. Acrolein has an irreversible “violent action on the nerve centers, producing degeneration of the cells of the brain, which is quite rapid among boys. . . I employ no person who smokes.”
• 1914: BOOKS: “The Social History of Smoking”, by G. L. Apperson (London)
• 1915: BUSINESS: Liggett & Myers reconstitutes Chesterfield in the Camel mode; shortens slogan to: They Satisfy
• 1915: BUSINESS: Thorne Bros. sell majority stake in Montgomery Ward to tobacco interests.
• 1915: BUSINESS: CHINA: Brightleaf tobacco seeds and growing methods are first transported to China [“The Tobacco Project”] • 1915: POETRY:
Tobacco is a dirty weed. I like it.
It satisfies no normal need. I like it. It makes you thin, it makes you lean, It takes the hair right off your bean.
It’s the worst darn stuff I’ve ever seen.
I like it.
–Graham Lee Hemminger, Penn State Froth, Tobacco
c. 1915: OPINION: Release of poster with quote from biologist Davis Starr Jordan, “The boy who smokes cigarettes need not be anxious about his future, he has none” (LB)
• 1916: Henry Ford publishes anti-cigarette pamphlet titled “The Case against the Little White Slaver”. (LB)
• 1916: BUSINESS: To compete with the phenomenal success of RJR’s Camel, American introduces Lucky Strike, the name revived from an 1871 pipe tobacco brand that referenced the Gold Rush days. On the package, the motto: “It’s Toasted!” (like all other cigarettes.) .
• 1917: BUSINESS: There are now 3 standard brands of cigarettes on the US market: Lucky Strike, Camel and Chesterfield. R.J. Reynolds suspects American Tobacco of disseminating rumors of salt petre in tobacco, and factor workers with leprosy and syphilis. Claims that agents would enter streetcars, one from the front and one from the rear, and hold a loud conversation about these…and then exit to repeat again and again. R.J. Reynolds posts $500 reward notices. (Pollay)
• 1917: BUSINESS: American Tobacco unleashes an ad campaign for Lucky Strike aimed at women: “Avoid that future shadow,” warns one ad, comparing ladies’ jowls.
• 1917: BUSINESS: “All Automated Short Filler Cigar Machine” is patented.
• 1917-18: US JOINS WORLD WAR I Cigarette rations determined by market share, a great boost to Camel, which had over a third of the domestic market.
• Virtually an entire generation return from the war addicted to cigarettes.
• Turkish leaf is unavailable; American tobacco farmers get up to 70 cents/pound.
• Those opposed to sending cigarettes to the doughboys are accused of being traitors. According to General John J.
Pershing:
o You ask me what we need to win this war. I answer tobacco as much as bullets.
o Tobacco is as indispensable as the daily ration; we must have thousands of tons without delay.

• 1918: War Department buys the entire output of Bull Durham tobacco. Bull Durham advertises, “When our boys light up, the Huns will light out.”
• 1918: Frederick J. Pack publishes “Tobaco and Human Efficiency,” the most comprehensive compilation of anti-cigarette opinion to date. (RK)
• 1918: BUSINESS: CHINA: American-Chinese Tobacco Co. (meiguo-zhongguo yancao gongsi) formed for the “sole purpose of buying tobacco in the US and selling it to China” [“The Tobacco Project”] • 1919: HEALTH: Washington University medical student Alton Ochsner is summoned to observe lung cancer surgery-something, he is told, he may never see again. He doesn’t see another case for 17 years. Then he sees 8 in six months–all smokers who had picked up the habit in WW I.
• 1919: Vice President Thomas Marshall says, “What this country really needs is a good 5-cent cigar.”
• 1918-07-29: PEOPLE: Richard Joshua (R.J.) Reynolds, 68, dies of pancreatic cancer in Winston-Salem, NC.
• 1919: The 18th Admendment ratified by states. (LB)
1919: Evangelist Billy Sunday declares “Prohibition is won; now for tobacco”. The success of alcohol prohibition suggusted to some the possibility of tobacco prohibition (LB)
• 1919: Lucy Payne Gaston’s tactics are attracting lawsuits; she is asked to resign from Anti-Cigarettel League of the World.
• 1919: BUSINESS: The Philip Morris coronet logo is introduced.
• 1919: BUSINESS: George Whelan Tobacco Products picks up tiny US Philip Morris Company, including PM’s brands Cambridge, Oxford Blues, English Ovals, Players, and Marlboro. The new Philip Morris & Company, Ltd. Inc, is incorporated in Richmond, VA.
• 1919: BUSINESS: Manufactured cigarettes surpass smoking tobacco in poundage of tobacco consumed. (RK)
• 1919: BUSINESS: ADVERTINSING: Lorillard unsuccessfully targets women with its Helmar and Murad brands. (RK)

• 1920: CONSUMPTION: Per capita cigarette consumption: 419/year. Per capita cigar consumption: 80/year. (International Smoking Statistice)
• 1920: ATC’s Richmond Research Laboratory conducts a “continuing study of the components of tobacco and tobacco smoke.” • 1920-06-11: Republican party leaders, meeting in the “smoke-filled room” (Suite 408-10 of Chicago’s Blackstone Hotel) engineered the presidential nomination of Warren G. Harding.
• 1920-10: OPINION: “” in Atlantic Monthly says, “scientific truth” has found “that the claims of those who inveigh aginst tobacco are wholy without foundation has been proved time and again by famous chemists, physicians, toxicologists, physiologists, and experts of every nation and clime.” (RK)
• 1921: BUSINESS: RJR spends $8 million in advertising, mostly on Camel; inaugurates the “I’d Walk a Mile for a Camel” slogan. (RK)
• 1921: BUSINESS: KOREA: Korea Tobacco and Ginseng (KTG)’s monopoly is expanded to include tobacco.
• 1921: TAXES: State tobacco taxation begins. Iowa becomes the first state to add its own cigarette tax (2 cents a pack) onto federal excise levy (6 cents).(RK)
• 1922: REGULATION: 15 states have banned the sale, manufacture, possession, advertising and/or use of cigarettes.
• 1922: BUSINESS: RJR takes Industry leadership. from American for first time.(RK)
• 1922: BUSINESS: Manufactured cigarettes surpass plug in poundage of tobacco consumed to become US’s highest grossing tobacco product. (RK)
• 1922: PEOPLE: Lucy Payne Gaston runs for President of the U.S. against “cigarette face” Warren G. Harding, whom she asks to quit smoking. Within two years they both will be dead, he of a stroke mid-term, she of throat cancer. (There is no record of her ever having smoked.)
• 1923: BUSINESS: MARKET SHARE: Camel has 45% of the US market.
• 1923: NEW JERSEY: A Secaucus teacher’s attempt to get her job back after being fired for cigarette smoking reaches the state Supreme Court, but fails
• 1923: LITERATURE: “Confessions of Zeno” by Italo Svevo • 1923: MARKET SHARE: Camel has over 40% of the US market.
• 1924: Lucy Payne Gaston dies of throat cancer.
• 1924: CONSUMPTION: 73 billion cigarettes sold in US
1924: Reader’s Digest publishes “Does Tobacco Injure the Human Body,” the beginning of a RD campaign to make people think before starting to smoke.
• 1924: BUSINESS: Philip Morris introduces Marlboro, a women’s cigarette that is “Mild as May”
• 1924: BUSINESS: Durham, NC: James B. Duke creates Duke University.Duke gives an endowment to Trinity College. Under provisions of the fund, Trinity becomes Duke University
• 1925: James Buchanan Duke dies.
• 1925: HEALTH: Lung cancer death rate is 1.7 per 100,000 (US Census Bureau)(RK).
• 1925: BUSINESS: Philip Morris’ Marlboro, “Mild as May,” targets “decent, respectable” women. “Has smoking any more to do with a woman’s morals than has the color of her hair?” A 1927 ad reads, “Women quickly develop discerning taste. That is why
Marlboros now ride in so many limousines, attend so many bridge parties, and repose in so many handbags.”
• 1925: BUSINESS: Helen Hayes, Al Jolson and Amelia Earhart endorse Luckies
• 1925: BUSINESS: Both Percival Hill and Buck Duke die by end of the year; Duke was 69. George Washington Hill becomes President of American Tobacco Co. Becomes known for creating the slogans, “Reach for a Lucky” and “With men who know tobacco best, it’s Luckies two to one”
• 1925: SOCIETY: Women’s college Bryn Mawr lifts its ban on smoking.
• 1925: OPINION: “American Mercury” magazine: “A dispassionate review of the [scientific] findings compels the conclusion that the cigarette is tobacco in its mildest form, and that tobacco, used moderately by people in normal health, does not appreciably impair either the mental efficiency or the physical condition.” (RK)
• 1926: BUSINESS: ADVERTISING: P. Lorillard introduces Old Gold cigarettes with expensive campaigns. John Held Flappers,
Petty girls, comic-strip style illustrations and “Not a Cough in a Carload” helped the brand capture 7% of the market by 1930. • 1926: BUSINESS: ADVERTISING: Liggett & Myers’ Chesterfield targets women for second-hand smoke in “Blow some my way” ad. There is a public outcry.
• 1926: BUSINESS: Lloyd (Spud) Hughes’ menthol Spud Brand and recipe sold to Axton-Fisher Tobacco Co., which markets it nationally.
• 1926: BUSINESS: FRANCE: French Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré created an organization responsible for reimbursing public debt, including a service to manage the tobacco monopoly called the Service d’Exploitation Industrielle des Tabacs (SEIT).
• 1927: LEGISLATION: Kansas is the last state to drop its ban on cigarette sales.
• 1927: Eduard Haas, Austrian candy executive invents Pez, rectangular candies sold in tins as an aid for those who wanted to stop smoking and came only in peppermint; the name was derived from the German word for peppermint, Pfefferminz. In 1952, Haas marketed it in the US as a stop-smoking device, but this failed–some say because the dispenser looked like a cigarette lighter. He remarketed it as a candy for children, and the rest is history.
• 1927: BUSINESS: John Hill founds the agency that would eventually become Hill and Knowlton in Cleveland, Ohio. Instead of working on his own, as was the practice in those days, Hill hired other agents and trained them to work in his “style” – thus becoming, in effect, the founder of the modern-day PR Consultancy.
• 1927: BUSINESS: British American Tobacco (BATCo) crosses the Atlantic to acquire USA’s Brown & Williamson. B&W introduces the 15-cent-pack Raleigh. Raleigh soon reintroduces the concept of coupons for merchandise.
1927: ADVERTISING: 1927 Philip Morris, RJR and ATC target women in Marlboro, Camel and Lucky Strike advertisements. A sensation is created when George Washington Hill aims Lucky Strike advertising campaign at women for the first time, using testimonials from female movie stars and singers. Soon Lucky Strike has 38% of the American market. Smoking initiation rates among adolescent females triple between 1925-1935.
• 1927: ADVERTISING: Lorillard: “Old Gold cigarettes … not a cough in a carload”
• 1927-09: Long Island Railroad grants full rights to women in smoking cars.
• 1928: HEALTH: Lombard & Doering examine 217 Mass. cancer victims, comparing age, gender, economic status, diet, smoking and drinking. Their New England Journal of Medicine report finds overall cancer rates only slightly less for nonsmokers, but finds 34 of 35 site-specific (lung, lips, cheek, jaw) cancer sufferers are heavy smokers.(RK).
• 1928: HEALTH: German scientist proposes that lung cancers among non-smoking women could be caused by inhalation of their husbands’ smoke. Schnönherr E. Beitrag zur Statistik und Klinik der Lungentumoren. Z Krebsforsch 1928;27: 436-50.
• 1928: The Journal of the American Medical Association criticizes claims that smoking is healthful. From the 1930s to 1950s it accepts advertising that make such claims. (4. Lawlor DA, et.al. Smoking and Ill Health: Does Lay Epidemiology Explain the
Failure of Smoking Cessation Programs Among Deprived Populations? Am J Public Health. 2003;93:266-270.)
• 1928-30: SAUDI ARABIA: Ikhwan (Brethren) Rebellion. Wahhabi (Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab (1703-87), founded the sect) leader Abdel Aziz Ibn Saud succeeded in uniting many tribes and capturing Saudi cities. He declared himself King in the 1920s. The fierce, ultra-religious wahhabi police (mutawa) would invade peoples’ homes and beat the occupants if they smelled tobacco. The Wahhabis’ revolt, it is said, was partially aggravated by tobacco issues. As part of a compromise that ended the uprising, King Abdel Aziz agreed to ban tobacco imports (but never did).
• 1929: HEALTH: Fritz Lickint of Dresden publishes the first formal statistical evidence of a lung cancer-tobacco link, based on a case series showing that lung cancer sufferers were likely to be smokers. Lickint also argued that tobacco use was the best way to explain the fact that lung cancer struck men four or five times more often than women (since women smoked much less). (Proctor)
• 1929: HEALTH: Statistician Frederick Hoffman in the “American Review of Tuberculosis” finds “There is no definite evidence that smoking habits are a direct contributory cause toward malignant growths in the lungs.”(RK).
• 1929-Spring: ADVERTISING: ATC: Edward Bernays mounts a “freedom march” of smoking debutantes/fashion models who walk down Fifth Avenue during the Easter parade dressed as Statues of Liberty and holding aloft their Lucky Strike cigarettes as “torches of freedom.” See: http://www.prmuseum.com/bernays/bernays_1929.html
• 1929: ADVERTISING: ATC: “Many prominent athletes smoke Luckies all day long with no harmful effects to wind or physician condition”
• 1929: BUSINESS: Philip Morris buys a factory in Richmond, Virginia, and finally begins manufacturing its own cigarettes.
• 1929: BUSINESS: Whelan’s Tobacco Products Corporation crashes shortly before the market; Philip Morris is picked up by Rube Ellis, who calls in Leonard McKitterick to help run it. (RK).
• 1929: Fires: National Bureau of Standards (now the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)) conducts research on cigarette-caused fires on the behalf of Congress.

• 1930: MARKET SHARE:

RANK BRAND BILLIONS SOLD
1 Lucky Strike Regulars 43.2 billion
2 Camel 35.3
3 Chesterfield Regulars 26.4 billion
4 Old Gold Regulars 8.5 billion
5 Raleigh 85s 0.2 billion

• Early 1930s: Bonnie & Clyde & RJR. “No doubt the most notorious devotee to Camels was Bonnie Parker who, with Clyde
Barow, toured what was evidently the Reynolds factory in the early 1930s.”–The RJ Reynolds Tobacco Co., Tilley, 1985
• 1930s: Cigar prices fall so low most hand-rolling cigar businesses fail.
• 1930s: BRITAIN has highest rates of lung cancer in the world
• 1930s: ADVERTISING: A Philip Morris ad states: “You’re bound to inhale sometimes, but you can have this proven protection.”
• 1930: HEALTH: 2,357 cases of lung cancer reported in the US. (RK) The lung cancer death rate in white males is 3.8 per 100,000.
• 1930: SCIENCE: Researchers in Cologne, Germany, made a statistical correlation between cancer and smoking.
• 1930: TAXES: Federal tax revenues from tobacco products are over $500 million, 80% from cigarettes.
• 1930: ADVERTISING: JAMA decries health claims made by cigarette ads
• 1930: BUSINESS: The successors of the Tobacco Trust, led by RJ Reynolds, hike cigarette prices (at the beginning of the Depression), leaving a perfect opening for Philip Morris, Brown & Williamson, and other small manufacturers to counter with low-priced brands..
• 1930-1931: BUSINESS: Benson & Hedges introduces Parliament, which came in a hard box. It featured a mouthpiece, and the first commercial filter tip: a wad of cotton, soaked in caustic soda. Both were meant mostly to keep bits of tobacco out of the smoker’s mouth.
• 1931-06: BUSINESS: Cigarette Price Wars begin. Cigs sold for 14 cents a pack, 2-for-27 cents in the depths of the depression.
Even with cheap leaf prices and manufacturing costs, and with “Luckies” advancing, RJReynolds President S. Clay Williams ups “Camel” prices a penny a pack. Others follow suit. The major TCs are seen as greedy opportunists. Dime-a-pack discount cigs eat into the majors’ market share, taking as much as 20% of the market in 1932; PM releases “Paul Jones” discount brand. In
1933, TCs lower prices. Discounts maintain 11% of the market for the rest of the 30s (RK)
• 1931: Safco is established by A.G. Busch, Safco is credited with engineering the cigarette lighter plug for Ford’s first automobiles.
• 1932: BUSINESS: George G. Blaisdell imports a tough Austrian lighter, names it “Zippo,” after the hot word for another recent invention, the “zipper.” Founds “Zippo Manufacturing.”
• 1933: BUSINESS: Blaisdell begins manufacturing Zippos in Jan. or Feb., having improved on the Austrian design.
• 1933: LEGISLATION: Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 imposes acreage restrictions on tobacco production and provides for government loans to tobacco farmers. The AAA institutes price supports, basically saving tobacco farmers from ruin. • 1933: BUSINESS: B&W introduces Kool, a menthol cigarette to compete with Axton-Fisher’s Spud, the only other mentholated brand. [B&W currently touts Kool as the first national menthol brand.] 1933: BUSINESS: Leonard B. McKitterick becomes president of Philip Morris.
• 1933: BUSINESS: Philip Morris resuscitates and revitalizes its Philip Morris as a tony, but only premium-priced (“Now only 15 cents”) “English Blend” brand.
• 1933: BUSINESS: RJR begins to sell Camel in a one-piece 10-pack carton, the first time such packaging is used.
• 1933: BUSINESS: Hill & Knowlton is officially born when John Hill is joined by Don Knowlton.
• 1933-11-25: ADVERTISING: The Journal of the American Medical Association, “after careful consideration of the extent to which cigarettes were used by physicians in practice,” publishes its first advertisement for cigarettes (Chesterfield), a practice that continued for 20 years. (ASG)
• 1933: ADVERTISING: Chesterfield begins running ads in the New York State Journal of Medicine, with claims like, “Just as pure as the water you drink . . . and practically untouched by human hands.”
• 1933-04-17: ADVERTISING: Bellboy JOHNNY ROVENTINI first goes on the air on the Ferde Grofe Show, his distinctive voice making the famous, “Call for Philip Morris.” After being discovered by ad exec Milton Biow, he soon became the world’s first living trademark. Against the background music of the “On the Trail Movement” from Grof’s Grand Canyon Suite, Johnny
Roventini yelled it out, in perfect B-flat pitch, to match the music. [Here’s the Johnny Roventini Fan Page] • 1934: LEGISLATION: GARRISON ACT is passed outlawing marijuana and other drugs; tobacco is not considered.
• 1934: ELEANOR ROOSEVELT is called the “first lady to smoke in public.” (ASG)
• 1934: BUSINESS: An A&P ad lists cigarette prices for Lucky Strikes, Chesterfields, Old Golds and Camels: two packs for 25 cents / a carton of ten for $1.20.
• 1934: ADVERTISING: RJR: Camel: “Smoke as many as you want. They never get on your nerves”
• 1935: ADVERTISING: Lorillard: “Ask your dentist why Old Golds are better for the teeth.”
• 1935-09: MEDIA: FORTUNE magazine reports on “Alcohol and Tobacco” (two of its chief advertisers), concluding (page 98),
“the sum total of our knowledge of the ‘evil’ of smoking does not add up to much more than a zero.”
• 1936: American Journal of Obstetrics and Bynecology publishes an article raising concerns about the effect of smoking on unborn children
• 1936: GERMANY: Fritz Lickint first uses the term “Passivrauchen” (passive smoking) in Tabakgenuss und Gesunheit.
• 1936: BUSINESS: B&W introduces Viceroy, the first serious brand to feature a filter of cellulose acetate. (RK)
• 1936: BUSINESS Viceroy t intorduces a cellulose filter that it claimed removed half the particles in smoke.
• 1936: BUSINESS: RJR discontinues RED KAMEL brand
• 1936: BUSINESS: Otway Hebron Chalkley becomes president of Philip Morris.
• 1936: BUSINESS: FRANCE: Gauloises’ cigarettes are rejuvenated. The brand’s famous logo, a winged helmet, is redesigned by Jacno.
• 1936: ADVERTISING: Lucky Strike launches “Reach for a Lucky instead of a sweet” ad campaign
• 1936: GERMANY: German cigarette manufacturer CIGARETTEN BILDENDIENST offers coupons in cigarette packs which are redeemable for a coffee-table book on Hitler. More coupons bought “home album” pictures suitable for pasting into designated spots. Goebbels oversaw production of the book. (Fahs, Cigarette Confidential)
• 1937: Federal Government establishes the National Cancer Institute at Bethesda, MD (RK)
• 1937: BUSINESS: ‘Printers Ink’ reports that R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., and Ligett & Myers Tobacco Co. each spent at least two million dollars on advertising in the first half of 1937. (LB)
• 1937: BUSINESS: By the end of the year, Camels are outselling Luckies and Chesterfield by about 40%. (RK)
• 1938: LEGISLATION: Federal FOOD, DRUG AND COSMETICS ACT supercedes 1906 Act. Definition of a “drug” includes
“articles intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in man or other animals” and
“articles (other than food) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or other animals”
• 1938: LEGISLATION: AGRICULTURAL ADJUSTMENT ACT is passed again, this time authorizing marketing quotas. The Tobacco
Price Support Program: Tobacco not purchased by manufacturers at auction is pooled and purchased by the Burley Tobacco
Growers Cooperative for storage and future sale
• 1938: SCIENCE: Dr. Raymond Pearl of Johns Hopkins University reports to New York Academy of Medicine that smokers do not live as long as non-smokers.(“The Search for Longevity”) His findings are printed in the Science News Letter (March 12 (or 4) 1938 p. 163) under the title “Tobacco Smoking and Longevity.” “Smoking is associated with a definite impairment of longevity. . . This impairment is proportional to the habitual amount of tobacco usage by smoking, being great for heavy smokers and less for moderate smokers.” Of the (6,813 persons reported on, two-thirds of the nonsmokers had lived beyond sixty, but only 46 per cent of the heavy smokers reached age sixty. Time magazine suggested that they would frighten tobacco manufacturers to death and “make tobacco users’ flesh creep.”
• 1938: RADIO: Artie Shaw’s band airs twice weekly. Old Gold cigarettes, the show’s sponsor, bans Billie Holiday, and demands that only the band’s white singer, Helen Forrest, be allowed to perform.
• 1938: MEDIA: Consumer Reports rates 36 cigarette brands.
• CR notes that Philip Morris lays “great stress in their advertising upon their substitution of glycol for glycerine. The aura of science surrounding their ‘proofs’ that this makes a less irritating smoke, does not convince many toxicologists that they were valid. Of the many irritating combustion products in tobacco smoke, the modification of one has probably little more than a psychological ffect in reducing irritation felt by the smoker.”
• In blindfold tests, finds little to distinguish brands
• Knocks “the obvious bias of cigarette manufacturers, as well as of the ‘scientists’ whom they directly or indirectly subsidize.”
• Rates nicotine content, finding:
o Chesterfield: 2.3 mg nicotine o Marlboro: 2.3 mg nicotine o Philip Morris: 2.2 mg nicotine o Old Gold: 2.0 mg nicotine o Camel: 1.9 mg nicotine o Lucky Strike: 1.4 mg nicotine(RK)

• 1938: BUSINESS: MARKET SHARE:
• 4. Philip Morris
• 5. Old Gold (RK)
1939: STATISTICS: Fortune magazine finds 53% of adult American males smoke; 66% of males under 40 smoke.
• 1939: Congress establishes an export corporation to purchase surplus tobacco and sell it overseas.
• 1939: GERMANY: Fritz Lickint, in collaboration with the Reich Committee for the Struggle against Adictive Drugs and the German Antitobacco League, publishes Tabak und Organismus (Tobacco and the Organism). Proctor calls the 1,100 page volume “arguably the most comprehensive scholarly indictment of tobacco ever published.” It blamed smoking for cancers all along the Rauchstrasse (“smoke alley”)–lips, tongue, mouth, jaw, esophagus, windpipe and lungs, and included “a convincing argu ent that ‘passive smoking’ ( Passivrauchen. . . ) posed a serious threat to nonsmokers.” [Proctor, The Nazi War on Cancer] • 1939: HEALTH: GERMANY: Franz Muller presents “the world’s first controlled epidemiological study of the tobacco-lung cancer relationship.” –Proctor. Tabakmissbrauch und Lungencarcinom (“Tobacco Misuse and Lung Carcinoma”) finds that “the extraordinary rise in tobacco use [is] the single most important cause of the rising incidence of lung cancer.” A brief abstarct is published in the Sept. 30, 1939 issue of JAMA Franz Hermann Muller of the University of Cologne’s Pathological Institute finds extremely strong dose relationship between smoking and lung cancer. (Mller FH. Tabakmissbrauch und Lungencarcinom.
Zeitschrift fr Krebsforschung 1939;49:5785.)
• 1939: ADVERTISING: “Philip Morris — a cigarette recognized by eminent medical authorities for its advantages to the nose and throat”
• 1939: BUSINESS: Tobacco companies are found price-fixing.
• 1939: BUSINESS: ATC introduces “king size” Pall Mall. With Pall Mall and Lucky Strike, American will rule the 40s.
• 1939: GERMANY: Hermann Goring issues a decree forbidding the military to smoke on the streets, on marches, and on brief off duty periods.

• 1939-1945: WORLD WAR II
As part of the war effort, Roosevelt makes tobacco a protected crop. General Douglas McArthur makes the corncob pipe his trademark by posing with it on dramatic occasions such as his wading ashore during the invasion and reconquest of the Philippines. Cigarettes are included in GI’s C-Rations. Tobacco companies send millions of free cigs to GI’s, mostly the popular brands; the home front had to make do with off-brands like Rameses or Pacayunes.
Tobacco consumption is so fierce a shortage develops. By the end of the war, cigarette sales are at an all-time high.

• 1940: JAPAN: WORLD WAR II: English names on cigarette packs are replaced with Japanese ones as part of a nationwide campaign to boost national prestige.
• 1940: CONSUMPTION: Adult Americans smoke 2,558 cigarettes per capita a year, nearly twice the consumption of 1930.
(ASG cites per capita consumption for 1940 at 1,976.)
• 1940: HEALTH: 7,121 cases of lung cancer reported in the US. (RK).
• 1940: HEALTH: JAMA publishes an article linking smoking with a higher risk of coronary disease.
• 1940: BUSINESS: MARKET SHARE BY COMPANY:
• 1. RJR
• 2. ATC
• 3. Liggett & Myers
• 4. Brown & Williamson
• 5. Philip Morris (7%)

• 1940: BUSINESS: MARKET SHARE BY BRAND:
• 1. Camel (RJR) (24%)
• 2. Lucky Strike (ATC) (22.6%)
• 3. Chesterfield (18%)
• — Combined 10 cent brands (12%)
• 4. Raleigh (B&W) (5.1%)
• 5. Old Gold (3%)
• 5. Pall Mall (PM) (2%)
• 1940s: ENTERTAINMENT: “Raleigh Cigarette Program” airs on radio. Red Skelton’s show for a period was broadcast under this name.
• 1940: GERMANY: 5% of the German tobacco harvest is “nicotine-free tobacco.”
• 1940-1950: MEDIA: George Seldes exposes the suppression of tobacco stories by the nation’s press As most tobacco-adladen newspapers refused to report the growing evidence of tobacco’s hazards, muckraking pioneer George Seldes starts his own newsletter in which he covered tobacco. “For 10 years, we pounded on tobacco as one of the only legal poisons you could buy in America,” he told R. Holhut, editor of The George Seldes Reader.
• 1940-09: Emily Post, America’s premier arbiter of etiquette, writes, “those who smoke outnumber those who do not by a hundred to one … [so nonsmokers] … must learn to adapt themselves to existing conditions … and when they come into contact with smokers, it is scarcely fair that the few should be allowed to prohibit the many from the pursuit of their comforts and their pleasures.” –“The Etiquette of Smoking.” Good Housekeeping. Sept. 1940: 37.

• 1941: MEDIA: Reader’s Digest publishes “Nicotine Knockout” by prizefighter Gene Tunney.
• 1941: HEALTH: An article by Dr. Michael DeBakey notes a correlation between the increased sale of tobacco and the increasing prevalence of lung cancer
• 1941: GERMANY: Tobacco taxes account for 1/12th of all revenues flowing into the national treasury. (Proctor).
• 1941-04-05: GERMANY: The racial hygienist and Professor of Medicine Karl Astel founds the Wissenschaftliches Institut zur
Erforschung der Tabakgefahren (Scientific Institute for the Research into the Hazards of Tobacco or Institute for the Struggle
Against Tobacco Hazards, as it was also known), at Jena University in Weimar with a 100 000 Reichsmarks grant from Hitler’s Reich Chancellery. Shortly after, the industry established its own information organ, the ‘Tabacologia medicinalis,’ which is soon shut down by Reich Health Fhrer Leonardo Conti. (Proctor).
1941: ADVERTISING: RJR: Camel smoke-ring billboard becomes a Times Square landmark for the next 25 years.
• 1942: SCIENCE: British researcher L.M. Johnston successfully substituted nicotine injections for smoking Johnston discusses aspects of addiction including tolerance, craving and withdrawal symptoms. He concludes: Clearly the essence of tobacco smoking is the tobacco and not the smoking. Satisfaction can be obtained from chewing it, from snuff taking, and from the administration of nicotine. The experiment is reported in the British medical journal Lancet.
• 1942: LITIGATION: 17-year-old Rose Cipollone begins smoking Chesterfields.

• 1942: ARTS: FILM: Casablanca starring Humphrey Bogart, and Now Voyager with Bette Davis and Paul Henreid are released. • 1942: GERMANY: The Federation of German Women launch a campaign against tobacco and alcohol abuse; restaurants and cafes are forbidden to sell cigarettes to women customers.
• 1942: ADVERTISING: Brown and Williamson claims that Kools would keep the head clear and/or give extra protection against colds.
• 1942: BUSINESS: “Lucky Strike Green Has Gone to War.” Lucky Strike’s green/gold pack turns all-white, with a red bull’s eye. The war effort needed titanium, contained in Lucky’s green ink, and bronze, contained in the gold. ATC took this opportunity to change the color of the pack–hated by women because it clashed with their dresses–to white. Ad campaign coincides with US invasion of North Africa. Sales increase 38%.
• 1942: MEDIA: Lucky Strike cigarettes becomes the sponsor of Jack Benny’s radio show, after Jell-o drops its sponsorship.
• 1942-07: Reader’s Digest publishes “Cigarette Advertising Fact and Fiction,” claiming that cigarettes were essentially all the same, and were deadly.
• 1942-12-14: THE PRESS The first complete,documented, and authoritative story on tobacco as a cause of diseases and a shortener of life appeared in the Dec 14 1942 issue of George Seldes’ IN Fact. –IN Fact, Nov. 14, 1949
• 1943: ADVERTISING: Philip Morris places an ad in the National Medical Journal which reads: “‘Don’t smoke’ is advice hard for patients to swallow. May we suggest instead ‘Smoking Philip Morris?’ Tests showed three out of every four cases of smokers’ cough cleared on changing to Philip Morris. Why not observe the results for yourself?”
• 1943: BUSINESS: THAILAND: Cigarette production is made a state monopoly under the Thailand Tobacco Monopoly.
• 1943-07: GERMANY: LEGISLATION: a law is passed forbidding tobacco use in public places by anyone under 18 years of age. • 1943-06-17: BUSINESS: NC: Strike at RJR’s Winston-Salem plant begins. The 6-day strike leads to better working conditions for blacks.

1944-07-15: MEDIA: JAMA publishes as its main item “The Effects of Smoking Cigarets.” George Seldes claimed mainstream news coverage of the article was generally suppressed.
• 1945: CONSUMPTION: AUSTRALIA: 75 per cent of adult male Australians smoke.
• 1945: REGULATION: The three largest tobacco companies are convicted of anti-trust violations.
• 1945: GERMANY: Cigarettes are the unofficial currency. Value: 50 cents each
• 1945: BUSINESS: Otway Hebron Chalkley becomes chairman of Philip Morris.
• 1945-04: MEDIA: College of Physicians & Surgeons publishes “The Effect of Smoking Tobacco on the Cardiovascular System,” written by Dr Roth of the Mayo Clinic.
• 1945-04: GERMANY: Karl Astel, founder of the Scientific Institute for Research into the Dangers of Tobacco, committs suicide, presumably to avoid facing the consequences of his activities as a leading racial hygienist in the Third Reich. The Institute is soon disbanded.

• 1946: ADVERTISING: RJR begins “More Doctors Smoke Camels” ad campaign. One of the ads cited in B&W’s “A Review of Health References in Cigarette Advertising 1927-1964”, the phrase will run in ads through 1952.
“According to a recent nationwide survey: MORE DOCTORS SMOKE CAMELS THAN ANY OTHER CIGARETTE! Family physicians, surgeons, diagnosticians, nose and throat specialists, doctors in every branch of medicine… a total of 113,597 doctors…were asked the question: “What cigarette do you smoke?” And more of them named Camel as their smoke than any other cigarette! Three independent research groups found this to be a fact. You see, doctors too smoke for pleasure. That full Camel flavor is just as appealing to a doctor’s taste as to yours…that marvelous
Camel mildness means just as much to his throat as to yours. Next time, get Camels. Compare them in your “T-Zone”
30-day test
• 1946-12-02: MEDIA: Newsweek runs a story by Dr Wm D Stroud, professor of cardiology at the UPenn Graduate School of Medicine, “Smoke, Drink, and Get Well.”
• 1946: A letter from a Lorillard chemist to its manufacturing committee states: “Certain scientists and medical authorities have claimed for many years that the use of tobacco contributes to cancer development in susceptible people. Just enough evidence has been presented to justify the possibility of such a presumption.” (Maryland “Medicaid” Lawsuit 5/1/96)
• 1947: ADVERTISING: RJR invites doctors to its scientific Camel exhibit at the AMA convention.
• 1947: BUSINESS: CHINA: China closes its tobacco market to foreign companies. BAT, almost half of whose revenues come from China, is especially hurt.
• 1947-05-18: MEDIA: NY Times Sunday magazine carries a glowIng tribute to tobacco by staff writer W B Hayward, “Why We Smoke — We Like It.” The sidebar, purporting to show an opposing side, contains no mention of recent studies indicating links to heart disease, cancer and decreased longevity.
• 1947: CULTURE: “Smoke! Smoke! Smoke! (That Cigarette),” Written by Merle Travis for Tex Williams, is national hit. The lyric “Puff, Puff, Puff, And if you smoke yourself to death” is later used in Cipollone case as defense that Rose Cipollone knew cigarettes were dangerous.
• 1947: LITIGATION: Grady Carter begins smoking Lucky Strikes
1947: Why Do We Smoke Cigarettes? from The Psychology of Everyday Living by Ernest Dichter
• 1948: HEALTH: UK: Sir Richard Doll has written: On I January 1948, when I began to work with Bradford Hill, there was, if anything, less awareness of the possible iii effects of smoking than there had been 50 years before. For the spread of the cigarette habit, which was as entrenched among male doctors as among the rest of the adult male population (80 per cent of whom smoked) had so dulled the collective sense that tobacco might be a threat to health that the possibility that it might be the culprit was given only scant attention. Doll, R. “The First Reports on Smoking and Lung Cancer.”
• 1948: HEALTH: The Journal of the American Medical Association argues, “more can be said in behalf of smoking as a form of escape from tension than against it . . . there does not seem to be any preponderance of evidence that would indicate the abolition of the use of tobacco as a substance contrary to the public health.”
• 1948: HEALTH: Lung cancer has grown 5 times faster than other cancers since 1938; behind stomach cancer, it is now the most common form of the disease.
• 1948, 1949: MARSHALL PLAN: 93,000 tons of tobacco are shipped free of charge to Germany. [Proctor] • 1949: CONSUMPTION: 44-47% of all adult Americans smoke; over 50% of men, and about 33% of women.
• 1949: LEGISLATION: Agricultural Adjustment Act is passed again, this time authorizing price supports.
• 1949: BUSINESS: Industry establishes the Tobacco Tax Council to lobby for lower tobacco taxes.
• 1949: ADVERTISING: RJR: “Not one single case of throat irritation due to smoking Camels!”
• 1949: MEDIA: RJR: NBC’s ”Camel News Caravan,” a nightly news program, airs, proudly bearing the name of its tobaccocompany sponsor. It will run till 1956.
The Fifties
The public’s health concerns drive companies to compete in rival ad campaigns touting their filters (The “Tar Wars” or “Tar Derby”). When the decade begins, 2% of cigarettes are filter tip; by 1960, 50% of cigarettes are filter tips. 15 filter brands account for 95% of U.S. sales (Source: Chronology Of Major Events In Cigarette Smoking, Marketing, And Health , Bates #2025019398).

1950s: ADVERTISING: “Tar Wars.”
• 1950: MARKET SHARE:
RANK BRAND BILLIONS SOLD
1 Camel 98.2 billion
2 Lucky Strike Regulars 82.5 billion
3 Chesterfield Regulars 66.1 billion
4 Commander 39.9 billion
5 Old Gold Regulars 19.5 billion

• 1950: HEALTH: Three important epidemiological studies provide the first powerful links between smoking and lung cancer
• In the May 27, 1950 issue of JAMA, Morton Levin publishes first major study definitively linking smoking to lung cancer.
• In the same issue, “Tobacco Smoking as a Possible Etiologic Factor in Bronchiogenic Carcinoma: A Study of 684 Proved Cases,” by Ernst L. Wynder and Evarts A. Graham of the United States, found that 96.5% of lung cancer patients interviewed were moderate heavy-to-chain-smokers.
• 1950-09:30: RICHARD DOLL and A BRADFORD HILL publish first report on Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung in the
British Medical Journal, finding that heavy smokers were fifty times as likely as nonsmokers to contract lung cancer. The cancer advisory committee of the Ministry of Health say they have demonstrated an association, not a cause, and advise the Government to do nothing.
• FTC complains that cigarette ads touting physical benefits are deceptive. (Source: Chronology Of Major Events In Cigarette
Smoking, Marketing, And Health , Bates #2025019398)
• 1950: MEDIA: TV pop-music series “Your Hit Parade” starts its 7-year-run; one of the first hits on TV; it is sponsored by Lucky Strike.
• 1950: MEDIA: Lucky Strike’s “Be Happy, Go Lucky” wins TV Guide’s commercial of the year. (Cheerleaders sing: “Yes, Luckies get our loudest cheers on campus and on dates. With college gals and college guys a Lucky really rates.”)
• 1950: STATISTICS: American cigarette consumption is 10 cigarettes per capita, which equals over a pack a day for smokers.. • 1950: LITIGATION: P. Lorillard Co. v. FTC. Lorillard had launched a national campaign claiming a 1942 Consumer Reports article showed Old Golds was “lowest in nicotine and tars”. While technically true, the point of the article was that differences in tar and nicotine were insignificant when it came to the harmfulness of all cigarettes. The Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals, upholding the FTC’s cease-and-desist order, declares that Lorillard’s advertising violated the FTC Act because, by printing only a small part of the article, it created an entirely false and misleading impression. “To tell less than the whole truth is a wellknown method of deception,” the court ruled. (CC) Along with other protracted- FTC censures against tobacco company ad claims of the 30s and 40s, the action was too little too late. The Consumers Union Report on Smoking and the Public Interest (1963) said, “Like astronomers studying stars millions of light years away, the FTC commissioners were constantly coming to conclusions about phenomena that were no longer in existence.”
• 1950: FRANCE: Le Musée d’Intérêt National du Tabac (National Museum of Tobacco) is established. http://www.francetabac.com/musee.htm
• 1951: Consumers in many countries now spend from 3 to 5 per cent of their total income on tobacco products, American delegate John B. Hutson tells the World Tobacco Congress. Mr. Hutson, president of Tobacco Associates, Inc., of Washington, D.C., said in a “General Economic Survey” that “the average per capita consumption for all countries has increased slightly during the past 20 years.”
• 1951-10-15: MEDIA: TV series “I Love Lucy” begins its run at 9:00 PM. It is sponsored by Philip Morris. The animated titles that open the show each week feature stick figures of Lucy and Desi climbing a giant pack of Philip Morris cigarettes. It is the top-rated show for four of its first six full seasons.
• 1951: BUSINESS: RJR introduces its Winston filter tip brand, emphasizing taste.
• 1952: UK: “The Great London Smog.” 12,000 people are thought to have died from respiratory disease caused by the pollution. See, “The Big Smoke,” at http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/smog/ (U. of London)
• 1952: USA: Federal Trade Commission slaps Philip Morris on wrist concerning claims about Di-Gl reducing irritation. (LB) 1952: BUSINESS: P. Lorillard introduces Kent cigarettes, with the “Micronite” filter. At the press conference at the WaldorfAstoria Hotel, Lorillard boasted that the “Micronite” filter offered “the greatest health protection in cigarette history.” Its secret: asbestos.
• 1952: ADVERTISING: Lorillard: “Kent and only Kent has the Micronite filter, made of a pure, dust-free, completely harmless material that is not only effective but so safe that it actually is used to help filter the air in operating rooms of leading hospitals.” (Life Magazine)
• 1952: ADVERTISING: Lorillard: Kent: “No other cigarette approaches such a degree of health protection and taste satisfaction”
• 1952: BUSINESS: Hollingsworth & Vose gets 100% indemnity agreement from Lorillard on filters.
• 1952: ADVERTISING: Liggett & Myers widely publicizes the results of tests run by Arthur D. Little, Inc. showing that “smoking Chesterfields would have no adverse effects on the throat, sinuses or affected organs.” The ads run, among other places on the nationally popular Arthur Godfiey radio and television show.
• 1952-09: READER’S DIGEST republishes Roy Norr’s “Cancer by the Carton” article (December, 1952) from the October, 1952
Christian Herald. Norr was the publisher of possibly the first modern anti-smoking periodical, the “Norr Newsletter about Smoking and Health” (NYC)
• 1953: HEALTH: Dr. Ernst L. Wynder’s landmark report finds that painting cigarette tar on the backs of mice creates tumors. This was the first successful induction of cancer in a lab animal with a tobacco product, the first definitive biological link between smoking and cancer.
• 1953: BUSINESS: Benson & Hedges’ Parliament sales are skyrocketing due to its filter, though sales are still well behind the major companies’ products: B&W’s Viceroy, and Lorillard’s Kent.
• 1953: BUSINESS: PR firm Burson-Marsteller is established.
• 1953: BUSINESS: UK: The house of Benson and Hedges joins Gallaher Limited.
• 1953: ADVERTISING: AMA bans cigarette ads in its publications.
• 1953: ADVERTISING: Liggett: L&M: “Just what the doctor ordered”
• 1953: ADVERTISING: “[Viceroy] gives double-barreled health protection.”
• 1953-12-08: HEALTH: Dr. Alton Ochsner gives a speech in NYC, saying, “the male population of the United States would be decimated if cigarette smoking increases as it has in the past unless some steps are taken to remove the cancer-producing factor from cigarettes.” Tobacco stocks drop 1 to 4 points the next day. This speech is considered by some the last straw, which led tobacco executives join together and to seek out John Hill.
• 1953-12-10,11: BUSINESS: In response to an urgent telegram from Paul Hahn (ATC), cigarette executives meet in New York City for first time since price-fixing scandal of 1939, and agree to consult with John Hill.
• 1953-12-15: BUSINESS: Tobacco Execs Plan Counterattack on Smoking Studies. Plaza Hotel, New York City: Tobacco executives meet to find a way to deal with recent scientific data pointing to the health hazards of cigarettes. Participants included John Hill of Hill & Knowlton, his key aides, and the following tobacco company presidents: Paul D. Hahn (ATC), O. Parker McComas (PM), Joseph F. Cullman (B&H), J. Whitney Peterson, U.S. Tobacco Co. Here’s the text of BACKGROUND MATERIAL ON THE CIGARETTE INDUSTRY CLIENT, the H&K memo covering the meeting, and here’s the document in .pdf format, Minnesota Trial Exhibit 18905
• 1953-12-28: BUSINESS: Hill meets again with tobacco execs to report on his initial study of the smoking and health problem.
• 1954: Doll and Hill publish The Mortality of Doctors and Their Smoking Habits, in the BMJ; it leads to most doctors giving up smoking
• 1954: BUSINESS: Philip Morris (Australia) Ltd. is set up as PM’s first major affiliate outside the U.S.
• 1954: Cigarette companies sponsor ad disputing evidence that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer. (Source: Chronology Of
Major Events In Cigarette Smoking, Marketing, And Health , Bates #2025019398)
• 1954: Don Cooley, in the process of writing an article for True Magazine, is contacted by Hill and Knowlton. “Considerable information and assistance was provided Donald G. Cooley in the preparation for his story in True Magazine. This entailed conferences with the author to work on factual revisions. . . Further research and assembling of material and personal conferences have been extended Mr. Cooley to provide him requested aid in his writing of a 48-page, low-priced book for newsstand sales and angled at the idea “You don’t have to give up smoking.” Fawcett Publications is issuing the book entitled
‘Smoke Without Fear’ , in late August and early September. ” Report of Activities through July 31, 1954
• 1954: AGRICULTURE: HURRICAINE HAZEL devastates tobacco-growing areas of North Carolina.
• 1954: LITIGATION: PRITCHARD VS. LIGGETT & MYERS: (dropped by plaintiff 12 years later).
• 1954-06-07: LITIGATION: EVA COOPER files first tobacco lawsuit; sues R.J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO COMPANY for her husband’s death from lung cancer. He had smoked Camels.
Mrs. Cooper’s complaint alleged her husband, Joseph, who had died of lung cancer, “to his detriment relied on advertisements doctors considered its cigarettes healthful and that its cigarettes were harmless to the respiratory system.” She sought to recover damages for pain and suffering and death of her husband.
The document which follows, a decision handed down by the U.S. Court of Appeals, First Circuit, on May 24, 1956, overturned an earlier decision by the U.S. District Court for Massachusetts which dismissed the earlier, rewritten complaint.
“[T]he defendant filed certain interrogatories with reference to allegations in Counts V and VIII that Joseph Cooper had relied upon representations in certain newspaper advertisements and television and radio broadcasts to the effect that “20,000 doctors say that ‘Camel’ cigarettes are healthful” and that such cigarettes “are harmless to the respiratory system”. The interrogatories requested the plaintiff to state, as to each such representation upon which Joseph Cooper relied, the name and date of the newspaper publication and the name and date and identification of the television and radio programs. In response to these interrogatories, the plaintiff answered that the earliest newspaper advertisement upon which Cooper relied was published in the Boston Globe on or about March 12, 1951, and repeated in advertisements thereafter, to the effect that a nationwide survey indicated that “More Doctors Smoke CAMELS than any other cigarette.” . . . On November 21, 1957, defendant filed a motion for summary judgment accompanied by an affidavit by the chairman of the board of directors of the defendant company and by an affidavit by the president of the defendant’s advertising agency. The latter affidavit read in part: “No copy for advertisement of any kind for Camel Cigarettes was furnished for publication by any newspaper or other publication or by radio or television during said period [19511953] containing the words ‘20,000 doctors say that “Camel” Cigarettes are healthful’ or ‘”Camel” Cigarettes are harmless to the respiratory system’, or containing other words with the same meaning.” No opposing affidavits were filed by the plaintiff.

It is apparent from the uncontradicted affidavits, and from the plaintiff’s answers to defendant’s interrogatories, that there was no genuine issue of fact properly to be submitted to a jury, and therefore that the trial judge committed no error in entering a summary judgment for the defendant as permitted by Rule 56, F.R.C.P. 168 F.Supp. 22. This is entirely apart from the fact that our credulity would indeed be strained by an assumption that a fatal case of lung cancer could have developed in such a short period after the alleged smoking by Cooper of Camel cigarettes in reliance upon representations by the defendant in the various forms of advertising.” http://www.tobacco.org/resources/documents/560524cooper.html
• 1954: BUSINESS: RJR introduces its Winston filter tips brand, emphasizing taste, not health.
• 1954: BUSINESS: Philip Morris buys Benson & Hedges, and in the bargain gets its president, Joseph Cullman III
• 1954: ADVERTISING: Life Magazine runs ads for L&M featuring Barbara Stanwyck and Rosalind Russell giving testimonials for the brand’s new “miracle product,” the “alpha cellulose” filter that is “just what the doctor ordered.” These ads will figure prominently in the Cipollone trial 30 years later.
• 1954: ADVERTISING: Marlboro Cowboy created for Philip Morris by Chicago ad agency Leo Burnett. “Delivers the Goods on Flavor” ran the slogan in newspaper ads. Design of the campaign credited to John Landry of PM. At the time Marlboro had one quarter of 1% of the American market.
• 1954-01-04: BUSINESS: Tobacco Industry Research Committee (TIRC) announced in a nationwide 2-page ad, A FRANK STATEMENT TO CIGARETTE SMOKERS
The ads were placed in 448 newspapers across the nation, reaching a circulation of 43,245,000 in 258 cities.
TIRC’s first scientific director was noted cancer scientist Dr. Clarence Cook Little, former head of the National Cancer Institute (soon to become the American Cancer Society). Little’s life work lay in the genetic origins of cancer; he tended to disregard environmental factors.
In 1964, the TIRC will change its name to the Council for Tobacco Research-USA, Inc. (“CTR”).
• 1954-02: UK: Health Minister Iain Macleod, finally meets the press in regards to the Doll/Hill studies. He emphasises that the evidence is statistical only, thanks Doll and Hill for ‘what little information we have’ – and chain-smokes throughout the proceedings. He also announced that the tobacco industry had given £250,000 for research to the MRC. The press reported the uncertainty and the industry’s generosity. (“40 Years Later,” RCP)
• 1954-03-10: LITIGATION: St. Louis factory worker Ira C. Lowe files a suit, the first product liability action brought against a tobacco company. PHILIP MORRIS hired DAVID R. HARDY to defend the company against a lawsuit brought by a Missouri smoker who had lost his larynx to cancer. This case was the beginning of PM’s association with SHOOK, HARDY & BACON. The case was won in 1962; the jury deliberated one hour
• 1954-03-24: BUSINESS: RJR’s first filter, Winston, is launched.
• 1954-04: BUSINESS: TIRC releases A SCIENTIFIC PERSPECTIVE ON THE CIGARETTE CONTROVERSY, a booklet quoting 36 scientists questioning smoking’s link to health problems.
(The booklet) was sent to 176,800 doctors, general practitioners and specialists . . . (plus) deans of medical and dental colleges . . . a press distribution of 15,000 . . . 114 key publishers and media heads . . . . days in advance, key press, network, wire services and columnist contacts were alerted by phone and in person . . . and . . . hand-delivered (with) special placement to media in Los Angeles, Chicago, Cleveland, Pittsburgh and Washington, D.C. The story was carried by hundreds of papers and radio stations throughout the country . . . . staff-written stories (were) developed with the help of Hill & Knowlton, Inc. field offices. (Hill & Knowlton memo, May 3, 1954.)
• 1954-07-26: PROPAGANDA: NCI Dr. W.C. Hueper’s talk, “Environmental Cancer of the Lung,” is given at the VIth
International Cancer Congress in Sao Paolo, Brazil. Hill & Knowlton, having received an advance copy of Dr. W.C. Hueper’s talk, and finding it favorable to their cigarette clients, deploy the 17 page text, with 2 pages of highlights and a cover letter, to newspapers and services, science writers, editorial writers and feature writers.
[A]s a result of the distribution in the U.S.A., stories questioning a link between smoking and cancer were given wide attention, both in headlines and stories. In some press accounts, the Hueper story took precedence over the reports of Drs. Hammond and Wynder.
[Note: Wilhelm Hueper had been through years of battling corporate interests over water, air and occupational pollution; while recognizing the evidence for smoking-related causation, he felt these issues could be slighted by an over-emphasis on smoking. He reportedly refused a $250,000 a year offer from the Tobacco Institute.] • 1954-10: PROPAGANDA: Reprints of condensed version of Hueper paper appear in CURRENT MEDICAL DIGEST, October 1954.
The magazine reaches 123,000 doctors who are in active practice.
• 1954-10: LITIGATION: Pritchard v. L&M filed in Federal District Court, Pennsylvania Lung cancer
• 1954-11: LITIGATION: Ross v. PM filed in Federal District Court, Missouri Laryngeal cancer
• 1955: Dorn and Baum (NIH) 6-year (1946 – 1952) study of the mortality rates of 11,000 American Tobacco Co. employees is published in the Journal of Industrial Medicine and Surgery. (Jones, Day, Reavis & Pogue, “Draft 1: Corporate Activity Project”) (pp 109-110))
• 1955: BUSINESS: Philip Morris introduces a flip-top box.
• 1955: BUSINESS: Philip Morris Incorporated becomes the company’s corporate name.
• 1955: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: Independent of its Research Department, ATC President Robert Karl Heimann participated in the last two parts of a five-party epidemiological study of American Tobacco Co.’s own employees. The five parts were described as follows:

1. Dorn and Baum (NIH) studied the mortality rates during the period 1946 to 1952 of 11,000 employees. This was published in 1955 in the Journal of Industrial Medicine and Surgery.

2. A. Finkner (UNC) studied the smoking habits of these same employees, and published his results in the “North Carolina Mimeo Series’ in the late 1950s.

3. Haag (MCV) and Hanmer (American) updated the Dorn-Baum, study of mortality rates for the period 1953 to 1956. This was published in about 1958 in the Journal of industrial Medicine and Surgery.

4. Cohen (American consultant) and Heimann updated the mortality rates for the period 19571960. The study was entitled ‘Heavy Smokers with Low Mortality” and was published in 1963 in the Journal of Industrial Medicine and Surgery.’

5. Cohen and Heimann published ‘Heavy Smokers with Low Mortality and the Urban Factor in Lung Cancer Mortality” in 1964.14″

• 1955: BUSINESS: MARKET SHARE: American Tobacco is still #1 in US, with 33% of the market. Philip Morris is sixth.
• 1955: TV: CBS’ “See It Now” airs first TV show linking cigarette smoking with lung cancer and other diseases. (For the first time on TV, Edward R. Murrow is not seen smoking. He had not quit; he felt it was “too late” to stop. Murrow died of lung cancer in 1965.)
• 1955: LITIGATION: Rose Cipollone, now 30, switches from Chesterfield to L&Ms.)
• 1955-08: LITIGATION: Lartigue v. L&M/RJR filed in Federal District Court, Louisiana Laryngeal cancer
• 1955-09: REGULATION: FTC publishes rules prohibiting health references in cigarette advertising; references to the “throat, larynx, lungs, nose, or other parts of the body” or to “digestion, energy, nerves, or doctors.”
• 1956: HEALTH: Lung cancer death rate among white males is 31.0 in 100,000, resulting in 29,000 deaths.
• 1956: BUSINESS: P. Lorillard discontinues use of “Micronite” filter in its Kent cigarettes.
• 1956: BUSINESS: RJR introduces Salem, the first filter-tipped menthol cigarette.
• 1956: BUSINESS: BAT acquires overseas business of Benson & Hedges.
• 1957: PEOPLE: DR. EVARTS GRAHAM dies of lung cancer. He wrote to DR. ALTON OCHSNER 2 weeks before his death, “Because of your long friendship, you will be interested in knowing that they found that I have cancer in both my lungs. As you know I stopped smoking several years ago but after having smoked much as I did for years, too much damage had been done.”
• 1957: BUSINESS: Philip Morris Inc. acquires Milprint and Nicolet Paper Co. of Milwaukee–it’s first non-tobacco purchase.
• 1957: BUSINESS: Joseph Cullman, III, becomes president of Philip Morris
• 1957: BUSINESS: UK: Gallaher launches “Your Never alone with a Strand” TV commercial. The lonely soul walking rain-swept streets with a turned-up collar telegraphs to viewers what a sad person he is. While everyone remembers and admires the moody ad, no one wants to identify with the protagonist; the brand dies. A famous disaster.
• 1957: President Dwight D. Eisenhower talks at a press conference about his battle to quit smoking after suffering a heart attack. “I’m a little like the fellow who said I don’t know whether I’ll start again, but I’ll never stop again.”
• 1957: UK: The Medical Research Council (MRC) accepts smoking/lung cancer link. The Minister of Health announces that the Government accepts the evidence now – while he smokes a cigarette. MRC also isues a statement that air pollution does play a role in lung cancer, but it is a “relateively minor one in comparison with cigarette smoking.” In December of 2002, Virginia Berridge said secret papers reveal that the cabinet committe on lung cancer feared that the the statement was modified to downplay the role of air pollution to save the government embarrassment.
• 1957-07-12: First Surgeon General declares link between smoking and lung cancerl. SG Leroy E. Burney issues “Joint Report of Study Group on Smoking and Health,” stating that, “prolonged cigarette smoking was a causative factor in the etiology of lung cancer,” the first time the Public Health Service had taken a position on the subject. Burney had put the study group together in 1955, with the help of NCI, NHI, ACS and AHA.
• 1957-03: MEDIA: READERS DIGEST article links smoking with lung cancer, discloses that the tar and nicotine yields of the filter brands had been rising steadily for several years and now approximated the level of the older and presumably more hazardous unfiltered brands. (RK)
• 1957-07: MEDIA: READERS DIGEST article rates tar/nicotine levels. RJR’s filterless Camel, for example, yielded 31 mg. of tar and 2.8 mg. of nicotine per cigarette compared with 32.6 mg. and 2.6 mg. per Winston. Marlboro has one of the worst; in response, Leo Burnett goes into 2 years of the unsuccessful “settleback” campaign–Marlboro men in relaxed poses.
• 1957: MEDIA: Ad agency BBDO drops READERS DIGEST over tobacco article.
Barry McCarthy, onetime executive at Batten, Barton, Durstine & Osborn, said that in the 1950’s, probably 1957, he was the account supervisor on the Reader’s Digest business when the Digest ran one of its many anti-cigarette articles. American Tobacco, maker of Lucky Strike, was a major client at the same time. The article enraged J. T. Ross, American’s public relations man, and he got the client to insist that B.B.D.O. decide between the magazine and the tobacco company. Since the latter billed $30 million or so, which was huge by 1950’s standards, and the Digest a couple of million, the agency relucantly dropped the Digest
–NYT, April 7, 1988; Advertising; RJR Flap Not the First In Cigarette Ad History By Philip H. Dougherty
• 1957: REGULATION: Pope Pius XII suggests that the Jesuit order give up smoking.
There were only 33,000 jesuits in the world at that point, so the industry was not worried about losing this handful of smokers. They feared that the Pope or other church leaders might ask, as a magazine headline once put it, “When are Cigs a Sin?”–E. Whelan, “A Smoking Gun”
• 1957: REGULATION: Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act is amended. The manufacturer must bear the burden of demonstrating the product is safe and effective. Products previously on the market, those “generally recognized among experts as safe,” or “natural constituents of food” are exempt.
• 1957-03-01: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: At the cooperative British tobacco industry Tobacco Research Council laboratory at Harrogate, an internal report by Batco refers to cancer by the code name, zephyr: “As a result of several statistical surveys, the idea has arisen that there is a causal relation between zephyr and tobacco smoking, particularly cigarette smoking,”
• 1957: HEALTH: The British Medical Research Council issues “Tobacco Smoking and Cancer of Lung,” which states that “… a major part of the increase [in lung cancer] is associated with tobacco smoking, particularly in the form of cigarettes” and that “the relationship is one of direct cause and effect.”
• 1957: HEALTH: PREGNANCY: In the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dr. Winea J. Simpson asked what effects smoking might have on the unborn child. The incidence of premature births and of all the complications that go with prematurity was twice as great for smoking mothers as it was for nonsmoking mothers. Simpson’s paper confirmed that children of smokers are not only born early, but also weigh less and are more likely to be stillborn or die within one month of birth. (ASG)
• 1957-07: REGULATION: Sen. Bennett (R-UT) introduces bill requiring cigarette packs carry label, “Warning: Prolonged use of this product may result in cancer, in lung, heart and circulatory ailments, and in other diseases.” [Bates 03553092] • 1957-07: REGULATION: BLATNIK REPORT: The Blatnik hearings are the first testimony presented to Congress on smoking and health. The hearings center on whether the FTC should regulate advertising claims of filtered cigarettes. John A. Blatnik (D-MN) was chairman of the Legal and Monetary Affairs Subcommittee of the House Government Operations Committee. After hearing that filtered cigarettes deliver about as much tar and nicotine as unfiltered due to the stronger tobaccos used, the subcommitte moves to grant the FTC injunctive powers over deceptive cigarette advertising. The Blatnik Report concludes, “The cigarette manufacturers have deceived teh American public through their advertising of cigarettes.” Shortly after the report is issued, Blatnik is stripped of his chairmanship and his subcommittee is dissolved.
• 1957-12: LITIGATION: Green v. American Tobacco Co. Filed. The case will not conclude until 1970–12 years after Green’s death.
• 1958 (approx): Haag (MCV) and Hanmer (American) update of the Dorn-Baum study of American Tobacco Co. employee mortality rates for the period 1953 to 1956 is published in the Journal of industrial Medicine and Surgery.
• 1958: Roy Norr and the Reverend Ben-David found The Reporter On Smoking And Health newsletter
• 1958: BUSINESS: Tobacco Institute Formed
• 1958: ADVERTISING: British Medical Journal stops carrying tobacco advertising. It is unclear when The Lancet stops carrying tobacco ads–some time between 1953 and 1961. Bartrip, P. “Pushing the Weed:The Editorializing and Advertising of Tobacco in the Lancet and the British Medical journal, 1880-1958”
• 1958: DOCUMENTS: Senior PM scientist J.E. Lincoln writes to Ross Millhiser, then-Philip Morris vice president and later vice chairman: “This compound [benzopyrene] must be removed from Marlboro and Parliament or sharply reduced. We do this not because we think it is harmful but simply because those who are in a better position to know than ourselves suspect it may be harmful.” Four months later he wrote “that law and morality coincided . . . Act on the doctrine of uncertainty and get the benzpyrene (sic), etc., out of the cigarettes.” Lincoln later became PM vice president of research. (AP)
• 1958-02-20: REGULATION: Blatnik Commission report is delivered to Congress. “The cigarette manufacturers have deceived the American public through their advertising of filter-tip cigarettes . . . Without specifically claiming that the filter tip removes the agents alleged to contribute to heart disease or lung cancer, the advertising has emphasized such claims as ‘clean smoking,’ ‘snowy white,’ ‘pure,’ ‘miracle tip,’ ‘20,000 filter traps,’ ‘gives you more of what you changed to a filter for’ and other phrases implying health protection, when actually most filter cigarettes produce as much or more nicotine and tar as cigarettes without filters. . . The Federal Trade Commission has failed in its statutory duty to ‘prevent deceptive acts or practices’ in filtercigarette advertising.”
False And Misleading Advertising (Filter-tip Cigarettes). Twentieth Report By The Committee On Government Operations Very shortly afterwards, Blatnik’s commission was unceremoniously dissolved.
• 1958-06: DOCUMENTS: “REPORT ON VISIT TO U.S.A. AND CANADA,” 17th of April to 12th May 1958,” by H. R. Bentley, D. G.
I. Felton, and W. W. Reid, produced by B.A.T. Company, Ltd. 3 British-American Tobacco Co. scientists, after visiting the United States and discussing smoking research with 35 tobacco industry scientists and officials, write: “With one exception (H.S.N. Greene), the individuals whom we met believed that smoking causes lung cancer if by ‘causation’ we mean any chain of events which leads finally to lung cancer and which involves smoking as an indispensable link. In the U.S.A. only Berkson, apparently, is now prepared to doubt the statistical evidence and his reasoning is nowhere thought to be sound.”
• 1959-11: HEALTH: Dr Burney publishes an article in JAMA confirming the position of the Public Health Service on cigarettes’ causitive relation to lung cancer. According to Luther Terry, “Still, the subject received little scientifc and public attention.”
• 1959-Fall: The “Vanguard Issue.” Vanguard was a tobaccoless smoke introduced in the Fall of 1959. The product’s creator,
Bantop Products Corporation of Bay Shore, Long Island, immediately ran into problems advertising it. Bantop claimed the tobacco industry conspired to prevent its “Now Smoke Without Fear” ads. In the New York metropolitan area, for example, only one newspaper would accept the ads. (ASG)
• 1959: Industry pressures the New York City Transit Authority to order Reader’s Digest to remove from the subways ads promoting an article titled “The Growing Horror of Lung Cancer.”

The Sixties
By now, the distribution of free cigarettes at annual medical and public health meetings has stopped.
• 1960: LEGISLATION: FEDERAL HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES LABELING ACT (FHSA) of 1960 Authorized FDA to regulate substances that are hazardous (either toxic, corrosive, irritant, strong sensitizers, flammable, or pressure-generating). Such substances may cause substantial personal injury or illness during or as a result of customary use.
• 1960: BUSINESS: Pall Mall becomes the nation’s top-selling brand. It’s reign runs from 1960 to 1966.
• 1960-01: LEGISLATION: FTC tells cigarette manufacturers to stop “tar derby” advertising and cease referring to improved health effects of filters. (Bates # 03553092)

• 1960-04-04: LITIGATION: Pritchard v. Liggett & Myers Tobacco Company begins. When it was time to deliberate, Federal Judge John L. Miller tells the jury, “The court is of the opinion that no substantial evidence has been offered to support a verdict against the defendant on any theory of negligence, and that fair-minded men could not differ as to the conclusions of fact to be drawn from the evidence… The jury is directed to find a verdict in favor of the defendant Liggett & Myers Tobacco
Company, and against the plaintiff, Otto E. Pritchard.” The case was sent back to Miller on appeal. The jury found on November 9, 1962 that the smoking of Chesterfields was the cause of or one of the causes of cancer in Pritchard’s right lung, but denied damages to Pritchard on the assumption of risk theory.
• 1960: Bernays Repents. ASH praises Bernays for his efforts to inform the public about the dangers of smoking. Bernays writes, “had I known in 1928 what I know today I would have refused [George Washington] Hill’s offer.”
• 1960:08:02: LITIGATION: Green v. American Tobacco Co. Decision. Lawyer/Doctor Larry Hastings is first to win a liability suit against tobacco for causing death. Miami Federal District Judge Emett Choate asked the jury to consider (1) Was cancer primary in the lung? (2) Did this cause his death? (3) Did the smoking of Lucky Strikes cause his cancer death? In all three instances, the 12-man jury voted “yes.” The fourth interrogatory asked, “Did the cigarette company have knowledge of the harmfulness?” The jury said, “no.” Therefore, no money was awarded. In retrial, judge tells jury to side with defendant if the product did not endanger an important number of smokers. Jury does.
• 1960-10: LITIGATION: Tobacco wins Lartigue v. L&M/RJR.

• 1961: HISTORY: The Tobacco Institute stages a celebration of the 350th anniversary of America’s first tobacco crop. The festival features Pocahontas and a cigar-smoking John Rolfe.
• 1961-06-01: POLITICS: The presidents of the American Cancer Society, the American Heart Association, the National
Tuberculosis Association, and the American Public Health Association submit a joint letter to President Kennedy, pointing out the increasing evidence of the health hazards of smoking and urging the President to establish a commission. The result will be the landmark 1964 SG report.
• 1961: BUSINESS: Philip Morris Overseas Division is renamed Philip Morris International.

• 1962: US imposes economic embargo on Cuba.
• 1962-03-07: UK: First Report of the British Royal College of Physicians of London: Smoking and Health,.
• 1962: STATISTICS: Per-capita consumption of cigarettes stands at 12 per day among adult Americans
• 1962: LEGISLATION: KEFAUVER-HARRIS DRUG AMENDMENTS TO THE FOOD, DRUG AND COSMETICS ACT requires that drugs must be proven effective and safe before sold and manufacturers are to registered with the FDA.
• 1962: Bob Newhart Satirizes Sir Walter Raleigh. “The Bob Newhart Show” played on NBC- briefly. In one episode, Newhart played an Englishman getting a phone call from Sir Walter Raleigh in the Americas. The Sir Walter Raleigh bit is preserved on a record album. From: http://www.bob-newhart.com/Frames/comedy.html:
1962 saw “The Bob Newhart Show” on NBC – briefly. . . Still, his short-lived show won an Emmy, and the subsequent album of his TV work was his finest, including “The introduction of Tobacco to Civilization,” wherein a telephone call from Sir Walter Raleigh prompts skeptical laughter in England. “Are you saying “snuff,” Walt? What’s snuff? You take a pinch of tobacco (starts giggling) and you shove it up your nose! And it makes you sneeze, huh. I imagine it would, Walt, yeah. Goldenrod seems to do it pretty well over here. It has some other uses, though. You can chew it? Or put it in a pipe. Or you can shred it up and put it on a piece of paper, and roll it up – don’t tell me, Walt, don’t tell me- you stick in your ear, right Walt? Oh, between your lips! Then what do you do to it? (Giggling) You set fire to it! Then what do you do, Walt? You inhale the smoke! You set fire to it! Then what do you do Walt? You inhale the smoke! Walt, we’ve been a little worried about you…you’re gonna have a tough time getting people to stick burning leaves in their mouth….” Said H. Allen Smith, “That thing about tobacco and cigarettes is possibly the greatest single comedy routine I’ve seen or heard in my entire life.”
• 1962: BUSINESS: Philip Morris begins picturing a cowboy in scenes depicting recognizable American landmarks, with the new slogan, “Marlboro Country.”
• 1962:01: SG Luther Terry submits to the Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare, Abraham A. Ribicoff, a formal proposal for the establishment of an Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health to report to the Surgeon General.
• 1962:06: Surgeon General Luther Terry announces the formation of the Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health.
• 1962:06: LEGISLATION: Sen. Moss (D-UT) introduces a measure to give the FDA the power to police content, advertising and labeling of cigarettes.
• 1962-07: LITIGATION: Tobacco wins Ross v. PM
• 1962-07-27: Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health chosen by representatives from government, medicine and tobacco.
From Luther Terry:
On July 27, 1962 my staff and I met with representatives of the various medical associations and volunteer organizations, the Tobacco Institute, the Food and Drug Administration, the Federal Trade Commission, the
Departments of Agriculture and Commerce, the Federal Communications Commission, and the President’s Office of
Science and Technology. These representatives were given a list of 150 eminent biomedical scientists (none of
whom had taken a major public position on the subject of smoking and health) from which we expected to appoint a committee of about ten members. The attendees were given the opportunity to delete from the list anyone to whom they objected, and they were not required to give reasons for their objection.
• 1962-11: LITIGATION: Tobacco wins Pritchard v. L&M (and agin in 1968)
• 1962-11-09: The 10 members of the Surgeon General’s Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health have first meeting.

• 1963: LEGISLATION: FDA expressed its interpretation that tobacco did not fit the “hazardous” criteria stated of the Federal
Hazardous Substances Labeling Act (FHSA) of 1960, and withheld recommendations pending the release of the report of the Surgeon General’s Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health.
• 1963: LITIGATION: 7 tobacco liability suits are filed
• 1963-08: LITIGATION: Zagurski v. American Tobacco filed in Federal District Court, Connecticut Lung cancer
• 1963: LITIGATION: KC, MO. Local, 20-lawyer firm, Shook Hardy Bacon, wins John Ross case (filed in 1954) for Philip Morris.
SHB goes on to become virtually synonymous with tobacco litigation.
• 1963: BUSINESS: Philip Morris dispenses with tattooed sailors, et. al., and settles on the cowboy as the sole avatar of the Marlboro Man, featuring him exclusively in scenes of the American West.
• 1963: BUSINESS: Philip Morris buys the Odells’ Burma-Vita (Burma Shave) and absorbs it into its American Safety Razor division. PM discontinues the roadside signage in favor of NFL football TV ads. By 1966, virtually all 7,000 sets of signs had disappeared; many lamented the loss of this unique Americana.Philip Morris sells the division to an investor group in 1977.
• 1963-07-17: LITIGATION: B&W’s General Counsel ADDISON YEAMAN writes in a memo, “Moreover, nicotine is addictive. We are, then, in the business of selling nicotine, an addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanisms.” Yeaman was concerned about the upcoming Surgeon General’s report, and was writing of “the so-called ‘beneficial effects of nicotine’: 1) enhancing effect on the pituitary-adrenal response to stress; 2) regulation of body weight.”
• 1963: INDONESIA: PT Hanjaya Mandala (HM) Sampoerna is established
• 1963: Consumers Union’s “Report on Smoking and the Public Interest”

• 1964: STATISTICS: There are 70 million smokers in the US, and tobacco is an $8 Billion/year industry. (Joseph Ben-David,
Reporter on Smoking and Health, April-May, 1963)
• 1964: BUSINESS: MARKET SHAREE: Pall Mall, the nation’s top-selling brand, captures nearly 15 percent of the market.
• 1964-01-11: 1st Surgeon General’s Report linking smoking and lung cancer: Smoking and Health: Report of the Advisory
Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service See the CDC’s History of the 1964 Surgeon General’s ReportSee the full list of SG reports here
• 1964-01: REGULATION: Sen. Maurine Neuberger (D-OR) introduces bill giving FTC authority to regulate cigarette advertising and labeling. Also, the FTC begins rule-making to require health warrning on cigarette packs and in advertising. (Bates # 03553093)
• 1964: LITIGATION: 17 tobacco liability suits are filed
• 1964: Tobacco industry writer suggests tobacco control advocates have psychiatric certification that they are not sufering from pyrophobia and suppressed fear of the ‘big fire’ or atom bomb
• 1964: BUSINESS: LIGGETT Joins TIRC
• 1964: BUSINESS: TIRC changes its name to the Council for Tobacco Research-USA, Inc. (“CTR”).
• 1964: BUSINESS: MARLBORO Country ad campaignbegins featuring the slogan, “Come to where the flavor is. Come to Marlboro Country.” Marlboro sales begin growing at 10% a year.
• 1964: JAPAN: Emperor Hirohito begins the tradition of giving out cigarettes to his staff on his birthday.
• 1964: National Interagency Council on Smoking and Health, the first national antismoking coalition, is formed.
• 1964-02-07: The AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSN accepts a $10 million grant for tobacco research from six cigarette companies. The AMA shelves its previous plans to issue a report on smoking’s relationship to cancer; the official AMA word on smoking and health won’t be issued for another 10 years.
• 1964-02-28: The AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSN supports the tobacco industry’s objection to labeling cigarets as a health hazard, writes in a letter to the Federal Trade Commission, “More than 90 million persons in the United States use tobacco in some form, and, of these 72 million use cigarets… the economic lives of tobacco growers, processors, and merchants are entwined in the industry; and local, state, and the federal governments are recipients of and dependent upon many millions of dollars of tax revenue.”
• 1964-03-19: Rep. FRANK THOMPSON Jr. (D-NJ) charges that the AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSN has entered into a deal with tobacco-state congressmen to gain their votes against Medicare.
• 1964-06-23: Rep. Orem Harris, chairman of the House Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee, begins hearings on warning labels.
• 1964-09-10 to 10-15: BUSINESS: Sir PHILIP ROGERS and GEOFFREY TODD, senior officials of the BRITISH RESEARCH COUNCIL arrive in US on month-long fact-finding tour. Their reports will not be seen by the public until 10/2/96.

• 1965: CONSUMPTION: 51.9% of men are smokers; 33.9% of women are smokers. (SG report “Women and Smoking,” CDC, 2002) 29.6 percent of people who had ever smoked had quit as of 1965.
• 1965: TOBACCO CONTROL: Public Health Services (PHS) establishes the National Clearinghouse for Smoking and Health.
• 1965: TOBACCO CONTROL: UK: Parliament bans cigarette advertising on TV.
• 1965: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: TIRC sets up secretive, lawyer-directed SPECIAL PROJECTS division.
• 1965: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: PREGNANCY: A study by the TIRC finds that pregnant women who smoke have smaller babies and are more likely to give birth prematurely.
• 1965: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: B&W’s “PROJECT JANUS” begins issuing scientific reports on the health effects of smoking, about 30 substantial reports by 1978.
• 1965: BUSINESS: The tobacco industry’s Cigarette Advertising Code, announced in the Spring of 1964 to minimize the FTC’s ad restrictions, takes effect. Drawn up by the Policy Committee of Lawyers, its administrator is respected ex-NJ-governor Robert B. Meyner, who was given authority to fine violators up to $100,000. The code banned advertising and marketing directed mainly at those under 21 years old, and ended advertising and promotion in school and college publications. No violations or fines were ever levied
In 1983, the Tobacco Institute published a pamphlet entitled “Voluntary Initiatives of a Responsible Industry.” The pamphlet noted that “in 1964, the industry adopted a cigarette advertising code prohibiting advertising, marketing and sampling directed at young people.”– DOJ Complaint, 9/22/99
• 1965-08-01: UK: Government bans cigarette advertisements on TV
• 1965: BUSINESS: MARKET SHARE: American’s share of the market sank from 35% in 1965 to 17.8% in 1971. By 1978 they were down to 12%.
• 1965: LEGISLATION: Congress passes the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act requiring the follwoing Surgeon General’s Warning on the side of cigarette packs: “Caution: Cigarette Smoking May Be Hazardous to Your Health.” . .
• 1965-05: LITIGATION: Weaver v. AT filed in State Court, Missouri Lung cancer
• 1965-07-31: UK: Cigarette advertising on British TV is banned.
• 1965-09: BUSINESS: JAPAN: Japan Tobacco begins providing free cigarettes to elderly residents of nursing homes on the “Respect for the Aged Day” holiday. The practice becomes a tradition.
• 1965-12-17: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: CTR’s Ad Hoc Cmte sets priorities; Alvan R. Feinstein is awarded $5,600 CTR “Special Projects” grant.
(“Relationship of cigarette smoking to the clinical course and behavior of cancers of the lung, larynx and rectum, with particular reference to the development of techniques of multivariable analysis.) “The Ad Hoc Committee divided the proposals referred to into three categories:
• Category A: Projects essentially of “adversary” value. These are considered to have a relatively high priority.
• Category B: Research having a generally defensive character.
• Category C. Basic research.” ” Bates #: 2017025366/5370 ( http://www.pmdocs.com/getallimg.asp?DOCID=2017025366/5370)

• 1966: Congress votes to send 600 million cigarettes to flood disaster victims in India
• 1966: ARIZONA: Ornithologist Betty Carnes starts Arizonans Concerned About Smoking. Some consider this the beginning of the movement nationwide. Carnes is credited with convincing American Airlines to create the first non-smoking sections on airplanes in 1971, as well as Arizona’s 1973 first-in-the-nation statewide smoking-control law.
• 1966: PROPAGANDA: “It Is Safe To Smoke” by Lloyd Mallan. “The scientific facts in the smoking vs. health controversy–and a startling, straight-forward conclusion.” Mallan visits scientist after scientist, all of whom tell him smoking’s not really dangerous, but just in case it is–the charcoal filter (then used on Lark cigarettes) would the best protection. The dedication reads: This book is for Rose Tinker Mallan, my lovely non-smoking wife, who worries with renewed emphasis every time she reads another scare headline in the newspapers “linking” cigarette smoking with disease, and for my son Lloyd Jeffrey, who fiendishly smokes the wrong kind of cigarette.
• 1966: BUSINESS: RJR’s filter-tip Winston becomes top-selling cigarette in the US
• 1966: FASHION: Designer Yves Saint Laurent introduces “le smoking,” a tuxedo for women.
• 1966-01-01: Health warnings on cigarette packs begin
• 1966-05: LITIGATION: Thayer v. L&M filed in Federal District Court, Michigan Lung cancer

• 1967: 2nd Surgeon General’s Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Public Health Service Review
William H. Stewart’s Surgeon General’s Report concludes that smoking is the principal cause of lung cancer; finds evidence linking smoking to heart disease

• 1967: The first attempt to market king-length cigarettes to women fails when the American Tobacco Company advertises its new Silva Thins with the slogan: “Cigarettes are like girls. The best ones are thin and rich.” 25 [Lerner, S., “Tobacco Stains,”
Ms. , November/December 1996] Source: Mediascope http://www.mediascope.org/pubs/ibriefs/ws.htm
• 1967: Federal Trade Commission releases the first tar and nicotine report.
• 1967: FCC applies TV Fairness Doctrine to cigarette ads Stations broadcasting cigarette commercials must donate air time to smoking prevention messages.
• 1967: Federal Trade Commission (FTC) releases the first report on tar and nicotine yield in cigarette brands.
• 1967: SCIENCE: Dr. Auerbach gives 86 beagles tracheotomies in order to pump smoke into their lungs.
• 1967: BUSINESS: Philip Morris reorganizes its corporate structure to create Philip Morris Inc. and three operating companies:
Philip Morris Domestic; Philip Morris International; and Philip Morris Industrial.
• 1967: BUSINESS: Joseph F. Cullman, 3rd, is appointed chairman and CEO of Philip Morris Inc.
• 1967-01-16: PROPAGANDA: Hawthorne Books publishes “It Is Safe to Smoke.”
• 1967-02-28: PROPAGANDA: Dehart Hill & Knowlton hold a press conference for Lloyd Mallan’s “It _Is_ Safe to Smoke” Bates # 502643635
• 1967-06: LITIGATION: Tobacco wins Zagurski v. American Tobacco
• 1967-10: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: “Tobacco Abstracts,” a trade publication which offers relevant citations and abstracts to world literature on nicotiana drops the section titled “Health”. The announcement was as follows: “(NOTE: Health section will be omitted from now on.)” No further information was offered. (LB)
• 1967: PROPAGANDA: “It Is Safe To Smoke” by Lloyd Mallan is taken off the market by Hawthorne publishing after the initiation of a congressional investigation into allegations the book was financed by the tobacco industry.

• 1968: 3rd Surgeon General’s Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking: 1968 Supplement to the 1967 Public Health Service Review
• 1968: NCI Monograph No. 28: Effect of filter cigarettes on lung cancer risk. Toward a Less Harmful Cigarette. Bross, I.D.
Wynder, E.L., Hoffmann, D. (Editors.).
• 1968. LITIGATION: Rose Cipollone, now 43, switches from L&M to Virginia Slims and Parliaments.
• 1968. TOBACCO CONTROL: Action on Smoking and Health (ASH) is formed to serve as a legal action arm for the smoking prevention community. (CDC)
• 1968. BUSINESS: Philip Morris introduces Virginia Slims brand, aimed at women • 1968: BUSINESS: Philip Morris Domestic changes its name to Philip Morris U.S.A.
• 1968: BUSINESS: Philip Morris Inc. operating revenues top $1 billion.

1968. BUSINESS: American Tobacco begins buying into Britain’s Gallaher’s
• 1968. BUSINESS: ‘Bravo’, the attempt to create a non-tobacco based (lettuce based) cigarette, fails (World Tobacco, 1968, p1) (LB)
• 1968. MOTOR SPORTS: Colin Chapman’s Team Lotus becomes the first Formula One team to accept tobacco sponsorship.
• 1968-02: PAKISTAN: Pakistan Tobacco Board is established through an ordinance (Pakistan Tobacco Board Ordinance No: 1 of 1968), to promote the cultivation of tobacco, manufacture and export of tobacco and tobacco products .
• 1968-01: PROPAGANDA: “To Smoke or Not to Smoke–That Is Still the Question,” by Stanley Frank, a widely read sports writer, appears in True Magazine. To call the public’s attention to the article, the Industry ran a contemporaneous ad in 72 markets, announcing the article’s publication. On March 3,, a similar but shorter article appeared in the National Enquirer entitled “Cigarette Cancer Link is Bunk / 70,000,000 Smokers Falsely Alarmed.” written by “Charles Golden” (a fictitious name commonly used by the Enquirer.) The real author was Stanley Frank. Two million reprints of the True Magazine article were distributed to physicians, scientists, journalists, government officials, and other opinion leaders with a small card which stated, “As a leader in your profession and community, you will be interested in reading this story from the January issue of True Magazine about one of today’s controversial issues. — THE EDITORS” The actual sender was the TI, through Tiderock.. It was subsequently disclosed through investigations by Wall St. Journal reporter Ronald Kessler and the FTC that author Frank had been paid $500 to write the article, by Joseph Field, a public relations professional working for Brown and Williamson. [Frank also received $2,000 for the article from True.] Brown and Williamson reimbursed Field for that amount. By the time the True article was published, Frank was an employee of Hill and Knowlton.
• 1968-03-03: PROPAGANDA: National Enquirer publishes “Cigarette Cancer Link is Bunk”.
• 1968-10: LITIGATION: Tobacco wins Pritchard v. L&M

• 1969: 4th Surgeon General’s Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking: 1969 Supplement to the 1967 Public Health
Service Review Confirms link between maternal smoking and low birth weight
• 1969: Congress enacts the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act of 1969, which amends the 1965 Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act to require the following warning: “The Surgeon General Has Determined That Cigarette Smoking is Dangerous to Your Health.” The 1969 act also includes the phrase: “(b) No requirement or prohibition based on smoking and health shall be imposed under State law with respect to the advertising or promotion of any cigarettes the packages of which are labeled in conformity with the provisions of this Act.” This proviso helps absolve the industry in many court cases, most recently in Pennsylvania’s Carter case (1/27/03).
• 1969: Taxes: North Carolina Gov. Bob Scott, succeeds in ramming through NC’s first cigarette tax: 2-cents-per-pack, the lowest in the nation.
• 1969: SCOTUS: U.S. Supreme Court applies the Fairness Doctrine to cigarettes, giving tobacco control groups “equal time” on the air to reply to tobacco commercials
• 1969: National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) endorses phasing out of cigarette ads on television and radio.
• 1969: BANS: Ralph Nader asks the FAA to ban smoking on airlines as annoying and unhealthy for nonsmokers, and as a fire danger; Pan American Airlines creates the first nonsmoking section on planes; TWA and United quickly do the same.
1969: REGULATION: FCC issues a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking to ban cigarette ads on TV and radio. Discussions, both in Congress and in private between legislators and tobacco companies, result in cigarette advertisers agreeing to stop advertising on the air in return for a delay in controls on the sale of cigarettes.
• 1969: BUSINESS: Philip Morris gains a controlling interest (53%) in the Miller Brewing Company (nee 1855), then only the 7th largest brewery.
• 1969. BUSINESS: American Tobacco drops “tobacco” from parent; American Brands, Inc. is established with headquarters in Old Greenwich, CT, as parent company of American Tobacco Co.
• 1969. BUSINESS: Reynolds Tobacco introduces “Doral” brand. It will be re-introduced in the “value” segment in 1984.
• 1969. BUSINESS: RJ Reynolds Tobacco drops “tobacco.”
• 1969. MOTOR SPORTS: WINSTON CUP racing is born when NASCAR driver Junion Johnson suggests to RJR they sponsor not just a car, but the whole show.
• 1969: DOCUMENTS: A Philip Morris memo from researcher William Dunn to Dr. Helmut Wakeham, Philip Morris’ director of research and development, warned against referring to tobacco as a drug. Dunn wrote, “I would be more cautious . . . do we really want to tout cigarette smoke as a drug? It is, of course, but there are dangerous FDA implications to having such conceptualization go beyond these walls.”
• 1969-12: LITIGATION: Tobacco wins Thayer v. L&M

The Seventies

Cigarettes are the most heavily advertised product in America
Magazines and newspapers stop covering the issue in depth
• 1970: BUSINESS: MARKET SHARE: American Tobacco’s share of the US market has fallen to 19%.

• 1970: BRAND CONSUMPTION:
RANK BRAND BILLIONS SOLD
1 Winston 81.86 billion
2 Pall Mall 57.96 billion
3 Marlboro 51.37 billion
4 Salem 44.1 billion
5 Kool 40.14 billion

• 1970: CONSUMPTION: American cigar consumption peaks at about 9 billion a year.
• 1970: LEGISLATION: Congress enacts the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act of 1969. Introduced in 1969, the legislation amends the 1965 Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act to require the following warning: “The Surgeon General Has Determined That Cigarette Smoking is Dangerous to Your Health.” The 1969 act also includes the phrase: “(b) No requirement or prohibition based on smoking and health shall be imposed under State law with respect to the advertising or promotion of any cigarettes the packages of which are labeled in conformity with the provisions of this Act.”
1970: TOBACCO CONTROL: Clara Gouin founds the first GASP group in MD. Her father died of lung cancer and emphysema.
The group tried to get established groups to endorse goals but was not successful.
• 1970: TOBACCO CONTROL: World Health Organization (WHO) takes a public position against cigarette smoking. (CDC)
• 1970: BUSINESS: Cigarette industry voluntarily agrees to display “tar” and nicotine data in all advertising.
• 1970: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: Roper Researchers tell Philip Morris, True answers on smoking habits might be difficult to elicit in the presence of parents. . . We recommend interviewing young people at summer recreation centers (at beaches, public pools, lakes, etc.)
• 1970 (approx): INDUSTRY RESEARCH: Philip Morris purchases the Institut fur Industrielle und Biologische Forschung GmbH, or INBIFO, a biological research facility in Cologne, Germany.
• 1970: BUSINESS: Philip Morris Inc. acquires the remaining 47 percent of Miller it does not own from De Rance Foundation in Milwaukee.
• 1970: BUSINESS: RJ Reynolds Tobacco Co. becomes a subsidiary of R.J. Reynolds Industries, Inc.
• 1970-02-18: Great American Smokeout is born on “Smokeout Day.” Massacusetts smoker and guidance counselor Arthur P. Mullaney and some Randolph High School kids come up with the idea of setting aside one day when everyone in town would quit smoking and donate to a scholarship fund what they would have spent that day on cigarettes. The challenge soon caught on, and in 1977, the American Cancer Society sponsored the first nationwide called “The Great American Smokeout.” • 1970-03: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: “The Mouse House Massacre” A major research project on smoking and emphysema is dismantled. Former scientist Joseph E. Bumgarner told in a deposition how he and 25 other members of Reynolds’ biological research division in Winston-Salem, N.C., were abruptly ordered to surrender their notebooks to the company’s legal department and then were fired. .
• 1970-03-31: LEGISLATION: President Nixon signs a measure banning cigarette advertising on radio and television, to take effect after Jan. 1, 1971
• 1970-04: LITIGATION: Tobacco wins Weaver v. AT
• 1970: REGULATION:: “Warning: The Surgeon General Has Determined that Cigarette Smoking is Dangerous to Your Health.” • 1970-04-01: LEGISLATION: Congress enacts the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act of 1969 (passed in 1970), banning cigarette advertising on television and radio and requiring a stronger health warning on cigarette packages: “Warning: The
Surgeon General Has Determined That Cigarette Smoking Is Dangerous to Your Health.”
• 1970-07-01: TWA becomes first airline to offer no- smoking sections aboard every aircraft in its fleet.
• 1970-12: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: RJR closes down its “mouse house” facility in Winston-Salem, NC..

• 1971: 5TH Surgeon General’s Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General
• 1971: Surgeon General proposes a government ban on smoking in public places.
• 1971: Helen Story founds the second GASP group in Berkeley due to problems with smoking in classrooms.
• 1971: BUSINESS: R.J. Reynolds Tobacco becomes R.J. Reynolds Industries
• 1971: UNITED AIRLINES is the first major carrier to establish seperate sections for smokers and nonsmokers
• 1971: UK: Second British Royal College of Physicians of London Report: Smoking and Health Now Refers to cigarette death toll as “this present holocaust.”
1971: UK: Cigarette Smoking and Health–Report by an Interdepartmental Group of Officials finds that, all things considered, tobacco use brings in more money than it costs in health and disability. Report is unknown to the public until the Guardian publishes an account on May 6, 1980.
• 1971: SPORTS: RJR sponsorship of NASCAR’s NASCAR Grand National Division begins.
• 1971: SPORTS: Virginia Slims Tennis begins. The Women’s Tennis Assn. tour will end in 1994.
• 1971-01-02: REGULATION: TV: Cigarette ads are taken off TV and radio as Cigarette Smoking Act of 1969 takes effect. Broadcast industry loses c. $220 Million in ads (Ad Age, “History of TV Advertising”). The last commercial on US TV is a Virginia Slims ad, aired at 11:59 PM on the Johnny Carson Tonight show, Jan. 1, 1971. See stills at:
http://www.batnet.com/ghostship/VS/VS_TV_ad/comercial.html
• 1971-01-02: TOBACCO CONTROL: With the end of tobacco ads on TV, so too end the anti-tobacco ads demanded by the Fairness Doctrine.
• 1971-01-03: Joseph Cullman, then Chairman of the Board of Philip Morris, Inc., is interviewed on CBS’ Face the Nation. The interviewers asked Cullman if he was aware of a massive study [which] showed that babies of smoking mothers were had a greater incidence of low birth weight than non-smoking mothers, that smoking mothers had an increased risk of stillbirth and infant death within 28 days of birth. Cullman said he was aware of the study and its results. He said, “Some women would prefer having smaller babies.” Another exchange:, “Well, I think, Mr. Ubell, in this case your premise is wrong. I merely have to refer to the Surgeon General’s Advisory Committee report; that report stated categorically that cigarettes are not addictive. UBELL: I didn’t say that they were addictive. I said that nicotine is a drug, within the meaning of a term of drug, meaning a chemical —
MR. CULLMAN: It’s more important for the industry to take the word of the Surgeon General’s committee; they said that cigarettes are not addictive. . . the Surgeon General’s committee largely exonerated nicotine as a health hazard of any consequence to the public. I have to lean on that. After all, the Surgeon General’s committee met for nine months or longer, and they concluded that nicotine is not a hazard to health.>
• 1971: UK: Tobacco manufacturers voluntarily put health warnings on cigarette packs.
• 1971-04: Cigarette manufacturers agree to put health warnings on advertisements. This agreement is later made into law. • 1971-12-23: Nixon Administration declares “War on Cancer”

• 1972: 6TH Surgeon General’s Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General Surgeon
General’s Report addresses “public exposure to air pollution from tobacco smoke” and danger of smoking to the unborn child.
• 1972: LEGISLATION: Tobacco advertisements, direct mail and point-of-sale material are all required to carry health warnings
• 1972: MIT Professor David Wilson founds MASH an affiliate of ASH.
• 1972: BUSINESS: Philip Morris Inc. acquires 100 percent of Mission Viejo Company, a community development and homebuilding firm.
• 1972: BUSINESS: Philip Morris Inc.’s revenues top $2 billion.
• 1972: BUSINESS: Marlboro becomes the best-selling cigarette in the world
• 1972: BUSINESS: Marlboro Lights introduced, promising lower tar and nicotine.
1972: INDUSTRY SCIENCE: “In 1967, five persons in the U.S. officially died of bunions. One died of headache. One died of emotional instability!” — Tobacco Institute Backgrounder, 5th in a series of “background papers on the smoking and health controversy.” Bates # TIMN 0078551 http://my.tobaccodocuments.org/tdo/view.cfm?CitID=13981
• 1972: DOCUMENTS: RJR research scientist Claude Teague writes in a memo, “the tobacco industry may be thought of as being a specialized, highly ritualized and stylized segment of the pharmaceutical industry.” Significantly, he added that,”Tobacco products, uniquely, contain and deliver nicotine, a potent drug with a variety of physiological effects. . . Happily for the tobacco industry, nicotine is both habituating and unique in its variety of physiological actions, hence no other active material or combination of materials provides equivalent ‘satisfaction..'”
• 1972-05: BUSINESS: Tobacco Institute memorandum from Fred Panzer (VP) to TI President Horace R. Kornegay, Panzer describes the industry’s strategy for defending itself in litigation, politics, and public opinion as “brilliantly conceived and executed over the years” in order to “cast doubt about the health charge” by using “variations on the theme that, `the case is not proved.'” The memorandum urges more intensive lobbying, and advocates public relations efforts to provide tobacco industry sympathizers with evidence “that smoking may not be the causal factor [in disease].” Until now, the industry has supplied symmpathizers with “too little in the way of ready-made credible alternatives.”
• 1972-05-24: DOCUMENTS: PM scientist Al Udow writes memo stating that rival brand Kool had the highest nicotine “delivery” of any king-size on the market. “This ties in with the information we have from focus group sessions and other sources that suggest that Kool is considered to be good for ‘after marijuana’ to maintain the ‘high’ or for mixing with marijuana, or ‘instead.” He wrote that Kool’s high nicotine is a reason for its success, and that “we should pursue this thought in developing a menthol entry. . . The lessened taste resulting from the lowered tar can be masked by high menthol or other flavors. Many menthol smokers say they are not looking for high tobacco taste anyway. . . A widely held theory holds that most people smoke for the narcotic effect (relaxing, sedative) that comes from the nicotine. The ‘taste comes from the ‘tar’ (particulate matter) delivery. . . . Although more people talk about ‘taste,’ it is likely that greater numbers smoke for the narcotic value that comes from the nicotine.”
• 1972-07: ADVERTISING: Ms. Magazine begins regular publication. Editors decide to accept tobacco advertising if they include health warnings. Philip Morris’brands do, but editors object to the “You’ve Come a Long Way, Baby” Virginia Slims campaign, as it makes smoking a symbol of women’s progress. Philip Morris pulls all its brands. Gloria Steinem wrote in 1990: ”
Gradually, we also realize our naivete in thinking we could decide against taking cigarette ads. They became a disproportionate support of magazines the moment they were banned on television, and few magazines could compete and survive without them; certainly not Ms., which lacks so many other categories. By the time statistics in the 1980s show that women’s rate of lung cancer is approaching men’s the necessity of taking cigarette ads has become a kind of prison.”
• 1972-09: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: Boston, MA: Gary Huber’s “Tobacco and Health Research Program, aka “The Harvard
Project” begins, the result of a $2.8 million grant to Harvard, the largest ever for a University. It will run until 1980, generating
239 medical publications, including 27 books and 54 peer-reviewed scientific papers (“Civil Warriors,” pp. 288-89)

• 1973: 7TH Surgeon General’s Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking 1973 Finds cigar and pipe smokers’ health risks to be less than cigarette smokers, but more than nonsmokers.
1973: SECRET DOCUMENTS: A Gallup poll commissioned by Philip Morris finds only 3 percent of Americans are familiar with the Surgeon General’s 1964 report on the dangers of smoking.
• 1973: SMOKEFREE POLICIES: Nixon Administration Surgeon General Dr. Jesse Steinfeld is fired after angering tobacco executives by urging restrictions on secondhand smoke.
• 1973: SMOKEFREE POLICIES: Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) requires all airlines to create nonsmoking sections. This is the first federal restriction on smoking in public places.
• 1973: SMOKEFREE POLICIES: Arizona becomes the first state (in modern times) to pass a comprehensive law restricting smoking in public places. The law forbids smoking in public places like elevators, libraries, indoor theaters and concert halls, and buses.
• 1973: SMOKEFREE POLICIES: Federal Government mandates that smoking in bed be forbidden in prisons.
• 1973: REGULATION: Congress enacts the Little Cigar Act of 1973, amending the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act to ban TV and radio advertising of little cigars.
• 1973: SPORTS: Marlboro Cup horse racing begins.
• 1973: SPORTS: Tennis’ “Battle of the Sexes.” Billie Jean King, wearing Virginia Slims colors, and Virginia Slims sequins on her chest, defeats Bobby Riggs.
• 1973: SCIENCE: RJR report on success of PM’s Marlboro and B&W’s Kool brands states, “A cigarette is a system for delivery of nicotine to the smoker in attractive, useful form. At normal smoke pH, at or below 6.0, the smoke nicotine is…slowly absorbed by the smoker. . . As the smoke pH increases above about 6.0, an increasing portion of the total smoke nicotine occurs in free form, which is rapidly absorbed by the smoker and…instantly perceived as a nicotine kick.”
• 1973: BUSINESS: Philip Morris’ Tobacco Research Center in Richmond is dedicated.
• 1973: Jesse Helms, former director of the News and Programs for the Tobacco Radio Network, is elected to the US Senate. He will become a powerful tobacco defender in Congress.
• 1973-02-08: Department of Health, Education and Welfare issues a charter for the Tobacco Working Group (TWG), which makes it a formal and multidisciplinary group consisting of researchers from academia, the government, and the tobacco companies. The group had actually begun meeting informally in 1968 to discuss generally research related to smoking and health, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory disease {1400.01} . The 1973 charter specifies that the purpose of the group was to “identify the criteria and prescribe methods for the development of a less hazardous cigarette, and other methods to decrease the smoking hazard” Glantz, The Cigarette Papers
• 1973-07-12: BUSINESS: RJR director of marketing and planning R.A. Blevins Jr writes in a memo that free nicotine, advertising expenditures and cigarette size of Winstons and Marlboros all affected market share “independently and collectively,” but that “the variability due to ‘free nicotine’ was significant and its contribution was over and above that of advertising expenditures and [cigarette size].”
• 1973-07-12: BUSINESS: RJR senior scientist Frank Colby sends Blevins a memo suggesting that the company “develop a new RJR youth-appeal brand based on the concept of going back–at least halfway–to the technological design of the Winston and other filter cigarettes of the 1950s,” a cigarette which “delivered more ‘enjoyment’ or ‘kicks’ (nicotine).” Colby said that “for public relations reasons it would be impossible to go back all the way to the 1955-type cigarettes.”

1974: 8TH Surgeon General’s Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking 1974
• 1974: SPORTS: UST creates the Copenhagen Skoal Scholarship Awards Program for student athletes (in conjunction with the National Intercollegiate Rodeo Assn.)
• 1974: LITIGATION: Rose Cipollone, now 49, switches to True cigarettes.
• 1974: ADVERTISING: FRANCE: Joe Camel is born. Used in Poster for French ad campaign for Camel cigarettes.
• 1974: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: Harrogate lab in England is closed down.
• 1974: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: PM pollsters try to find out why competing brands like Kool were slowing Marlboro’s growth among young smokers.
• 1974: BUSINESS: Johnny Roventini retires after a 40-year career as Philip Morris pitchman.
• 1974: BUSINESS: Philip Morris opens the world’s largest cigarette factory on Commerce Road in Richmond, VA.
• 1974: CANADA: The Canadian Council on Smoking and Health is formed. Charter members include the Canadian Cancer
Society, the Canadian Heart Foundation, the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada and the Canadian Lung Association. The
Non-Smokers’ Rights Association is also formed. (NCTH)
• 1974: US Trade Act. The threat of punitive tariffs, as provided under Section 301, will be used to force Asian markets considered to have “unfair” or “discriminatory” trade restrictions to open up to U.S. tobacco companies’ products and advertising.
• 1974-01-07: Monticello, Minnesota decides to go non-smoking for a day, in a “D-Day” (Don’t Smoke Day) organized by Lynn Smith. The event goes statewide in November, and in 1977 goes national–the first Great American Smokeout.
• 1974-07-15: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: Family Practice News covered Alvan R. Feinstein’s address to the annual meeting of the Association of American Physicians with this headline: “Smoking Link to Lung Ca[ncer] Termed Diagnostic Bias.” The article reads “The more cigarettes a person says he smokes, the more likely he is to be checked by his physician for lung cancer. Thus, cigarette smoking may be contributing more to the diagnosis of lung cancer than to the disease, said Dr. Feinstein of Yale
University.” Bates #: TITX 0002372 ( http://my.tobaccodocuments.org/tdo/view.cfm?CitID=127054)
• 1974-11: Entire state of Minnesota decides to go non-smoking for a day: “D-Day” (Don’t Smoke Day).

• 1975: 9TH Surgeon General’s Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking 1975
• 1975: 3rd World Conferfence on Tobacco or Health: New York, NY
• 1975. Department of Defense stops distribution of free cigarettes in C-rations and K-rations.
• 1975. UK: Government and industry agree on advertising curbs. Ads will no longer suggest cigarettes are safe, popular, natural or healthy, nor will they link smoking with social, sexual or business success. The restrictions are followed by 3 decades of what some consider the most creative and memorable ads in history:
• Hamlet cigars launches a humorous series in which life’s trials are soothed by a Hamlet to the strains of Bach’s “Air on a G String.”
• Surreal Benson & Hedges ads feature a sequence of unrelated objects — a helicopter, an iguana, a sardine can and a pack of B&H cigs–travelling through the Arizona desert.
• Gallaher’s Silk Cut features a series of strikingly-photographed images of purple silk being cut in various ways.
1975. REGULATION: Italy bans smoking in schools, hospitals, cinemas, theaters, museums, libraries and public-transport waiting rooms.
• 1975: THAILAND bans smoking on city buses.
• 1975. BUSINESS: RJR’s low tar/nicotine “NOW” cigarette released.
• 1975. BUSINESS: American Brands assumes control of Britain’s Gallaher
• 1975: BUSINESS: PM’s Marlboro overtakes Winston as the best-selling cigarette in the U.S.
• 1975: BUSINESS: Philip Morris’ net earnings top $200 million.
• 1975-08-01: REGULATION: MINNESOTA Clean Indoor Air Act, the nation’s first statewide anti-second-hand smoke law goes into effect to protect “the public health and comfort and the environment by prohibiting smoking in public places and at public meetings, except in designated smoking areas.” It is the first law to require separation of smokers’ and nonsmokers.
• 1975-08-26: REGULATION: Madison, Wisconsin passes an ordinance limiting smoking, the first community in the nation to do so; the effort was led by Margo Redmond of GASP.

• 1976: 10TH Surgeon General’s Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking: Selected Chapters from 1971 through 1975 Reports
• 1976: REGULATION: Federal Election Committee resolves charges that high-ranking RJR executives were funneling illegal campaign contributions to Republican presidential candidates from 1964 through 1972. The monies were said to have been paid in the form of personal gifts as high as $10,000 each from individual corporate officials, who were repaid from an off-thebooks “slush fund,” drawn from RJR’s overseas customers. No jail terms, no fines: Charles B. Wade, Smith and Peoples had to resign; Alex Galloway, a former chairman who was also implicated during the internal investigation, had retired in 1973. . .
Lawyers threatened lawsuits if the exact details of the scandal got out.
• 1976: MEDIA: Rupert Murdoch buys the New York Post
• 1976: LITIGATION: Norma Broin, a 20-year-old non-smoking Mormon, gets a job as a flight attendant for American Airlines (Broin vs. Philip Morris, et.al.)
• 1976: SOCIETY: Formation of the Cigarette Pack Collectors Association and first of its conventions. (LB)
• 1976: LITIGATION: Donna Shimp sues New Jersey Bell Telephone for not protecting her from second-hand smoke. Ruling in her favor, the judge said, “if such rules are established for machines, I see no reason why they should not be held in force for humans.”
• 1976: BUSINESS: Philip Morris exceeds $4 billion in revenues.
• 1976: MARKET SHARE: Philip Morris’ share of the U.S. cigarette market increases to 25.1%; the international tobacco company’s share increases to 5.1%.
• 1976: UK: TV: Peter Taylor’s Death in the West–The Marlboro Story made by Thames Television is shown.
• 1976-05-29: REGULATION: Resignations of Wade, Smith & Peoples becomes public.
• 1976-07-23: UK: BUSINESS: BAT Industries is formed when Tobacco Securities Trust Company Limited (TST) merges with British-American Tobacco Company Limited (BATCo).
• 1976: SOCIETY: The Tobacco Institute provides funds to the Smithsonian Institute for the creation of a one-tenth scale model of the colonial ship Brilliant. The first cargo carried by the Brilliant was tobacco in 1775. (LB)

• 1977: 1st Great American Smokeout
• 1977: REGULATION: Berkeley, California became the first community in California to limit smoking in restaurants and other public places.
• 1977: CANADA: 1st National Non-Smoking Week
• 1977: UK: Royal College of Physicians of London third report: “Smoking or Health.”
• 1977: BUSINESS: RUSSIA: Philip Morris signs a licensing agreement with Licensintorg, representing the Soviet tobacco industry.
• 1977: BUSINESS: BAT acquires overseas business of Lorillard, including the Kent brand.

• 1978: 11TH Surgeon General’s Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking, 1977-1978
• 1978: A Roper Report prepared for the Tobacco Institute concludes that the nonsmokers’ rights movement is “the most dangerous development yet to the viability of the tobacco industry that has yet occurred.”
The original Surgeon General’s report, followed by the first “hazard” warning on cigarette packages, the subsequent “danger” warning on cigarette packages, the removal of cigarette advertising from television and the inclusion of the danger warning in cigarette advertising, were all “blows” of sorts for the tobacco industry. They were, however, blows that the cigarette industry could successfully weather because they were all directed against the smoker himself. The anti-smoking forces’ latest tack, however-on the passive smoking issue-is another matter. What the smoker does to himself may be his business, but what the smoker does to the non-smoker is quite a different matter….six out of ten believe that smoking is hazardous to the nonsmoker’s health, up sharply over the last four years. More than two-thirds of non-smokers believe it; nearly half of all smokers believe it. This we see as the most dangerous development yet to the viability of the tobacco industry that has yet occurred . . . The strategic and long run antidote to the passive smoking issue is, as we see it, developing and widely publicizing clear-cut, credible, medical evidence that passive smoking is not harmful to the non-smoker’s health
• 1978: BUSINESS: SWITZERLAND: INFOTAB is established as a non-profit international association (original name: ICOSI – International Committee on Smoking Issues) by BAT, Imperial, Philip Morris, Reemtsma, R.J. Reynolds and Rothman’s International.
INFOTAB is now in regular contact with tobacco industry groups in 28 countries…Our strategic objective is to help the industry around the world prevent unreasonable restrictions on its operations and help smokers preserve their freedom to choose whether or not they will smoke and where they will smoke, within the bounds of mutual courtesy…There will also be an emphasis on early-warning information to help the industry anticipate potential issues and anti-smoking initiatives.
• 1978: BUSINESS: UK: Gallaher launches “Pure Gold” Benson & Hedges campaign.
• 1978: BUSINESS: Philip Morris obtains the international cigarette business of the Liggett Group Inc.
• 1978: BUSINESS: Philip Morris Inc. acquires 97 percent of the Seven-Up Company
• 1978: BUSINESS: Philip Morris announces plans to construct a new 26-story corporate headquarters building in midtown Manhattan, across from Grand Central Station.
• 1978: BUSINESS: For the 25th consecutive year Philip Morris posts record revenues ($6.6 billion) and profits ($409
• 1978: BUSINESS: Hamish Maxwell becomes CEO of Philip Morris. Will hold the position until 1991. million).
• 1978: AUSTRALIA: Philip Morris, Rothmans and WD & HO Wills set up the Tobacco Institute
• 1978: Tobacco companies fight a CA referendum on statewide smoking restrictions with a group called “Californians for Common Sense.” Though 68% support the referendum, CCS spends $6.6 million lampooning the anti-smoking movement as a nagging Big Brother out to deny personal freedoms. The referndum fails.
• 1978: USA: A tobacco trade journal reports that “cigarette purchases are 2.5 times as great when an in-store display is present compared to when no advertising or display treatment is employed”, and that cigarette sales drop when parents shop with their children. (Tobacco International, 22 Dec 1978, p. 33). (LB)

• 1979: 12TH Surgeon General’s Report: Smoking and Health: A Report of the Surgeon GeneralDr Julius B. Richmond, first reviews health risks of smokeless tobacco.
• 1979: CONSUMPTION: 37.5% of men are smokers; 29.9% of women are smokers. (SG report “Women and Smoking,” CDC, 2002)
• 1979: State Mutual Life Assurance Company of America, Worcester MA, issues a 41 page report titled, “Mortality differences between smokers and non smokers.” The abstract reads: “Cigarette smokers are subject to a mortality risk significantly higher than that of non smokers. These differences are real; they emerge at early durations, contrary to what may earlier have been believed. They are not deferred to older ages; they are statistically significant at anyreasonable level.”
• 1979: REGULATION: Minneapolis and St. Paul become the first U.S. cities to ban the distribution of free cigarette samples.
(Dan Freeborn, MN Star-Tribune)
• 1979: DOCUMENTS: A BAT memo said, “We also think that consideration should be given to the hypothesis that high profits additionally associated with the tobacco industry are directly related to the fact that the customer is dependent up on the product . . . We are searching explicitly for a socially acceptable addictive product.” On the other hand, the memo warned, “one must question both the ethics and practical possibilities of society/medical opinion permitting the advent of a new habituation process … ”
• 1979: TOBACCO CONTROL: Australian activist group BUGAUP (Billboard Utilising Graffitists Against Unhealthy Promotions) is formed, and begins re-facing tobacco and alcohol billboards.
• 1979: TOBACCO CONTROL: MA: The Clean Indoor Air Educational Foundation begins. It will later (1992) become the Tobacco Control Resource Center.
• 1979: BUSINESS: Philip Morris Inc. revenues top $8 billion; net earnings top $500 million.
• 1979: FIRES: A residential fire started by a cigarette kills five children and their parents in Westwood, Massachusetts, in the congressional district of Representative Joseph Moakley. Moakley began a 20-year quest to mandate a fire-safe cigarette. He introduces legislation that would requite the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) to regulate cigarettes as a fire hazard. His efforts culminate, after his death, in the federal Joseph Moakley Memorial Fire Safe Cigarette Act of 2002 (H.R.
4607).
• 1979-01: MEDIA: Mother Jones magazine publishes “Why Dick Can’t Stop Smoking.” According to MoJo in 1996, As a professional courtesy, Mother Jones gave tobacco manufacturers advance notice of the cover story so they could pull their ads from the issue. Philip Morris, Brown & Williamson, and others responded by canceling their entire commitment: several years’ worth of cigarette ads. In a show of corporate solidarity, many liquor companies followed suit.
• 1979: ADVERTISING: Tobacco Institute launches ad campaign against nonsmokers’-rights movement.
• 1979: BUSINESS: MARKET SHARE:
• Filter cigarettes account for 90% of U.S. cigarette sales
• #4: American Tobacco’s share of the US market has fallen to 11%. Only half ATC’s cigarette volume have filters

• 1979: BUSINESS: Top 20 Brands Sold:
• Brand (Company) Billions of cigarettes (1979)

• 1. MARLBORO (Philip Morris) 103.6
• 2. WINSTON (R. J. Reynolds) 81.0
• 3. KOOL (Brown & Williamson) 56.7
• 4. SALEM (R.J. Reynolds) 53.2
• 5. PALL MALL (American) 33.9
• 6. BENSON & HEDGES (Philip Morris) 27.8
• 7. CAMEL (R.J. Reynolds) 26.3
• 8. MERIT (Philip Morris) 22.4
• 9. VANTAGE (R. J. Reynolds) 20.7
• 10. KENT (Lorillard) 19.3
• 11. CARLTON (American) 15.0
• 12. GOLDEN LIGHTS (Lorillard) 13.2
• 13. TAREYTON (American) 12.2
• 14. VICEROY (Brown & Williamson) 11.7 • 15. TRUE (Lorillard) 11.5
• 16. RALEIGH (Brown & Williamson) 11.3
• 17. VIRGINIA SLIMS (Philip Morns) 10.5
• 18. NEWPORT (Lorillard) 9.8
• 19. PARLIAMENT (Philip Morris) 7.7
• 20. L & M (Liggett) 7.5

Source: Business Week December 17,1979.

The Eighties

• 1980: 13TH Surgeon General’s ReporT: The Health Consequences of Smoking for Women: A Report of the Surgeon General • 1980: LITIGATION: Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corporation v. Public Service Commission of New York. US Supreme Court sets guidleines for the regulation of commercial speech:
• 1. For an ad to be protected by the First Amendment, the advertsing must be lawful, and not misleading
• 2. Given that, for an ad to be banned, the state’s interest must be “substantial;”
• 3. The ban must “directly advance” the state’s interest; and
• 4. The ban must be no more extensive than necessary to further the state’s interest

• 1980: BUSINESS: MARKET SHARE: American Tobacco’s share of the US market has fallen to 11%.
• 1980: BUSINESS: Philip Morris revenues approach $10 billion.
• 1980: ENTERTAINMENT: Superman II: Lois Lane lights up. In fifty years of comic book appearnces, Lois Lane never smoked. For a reported payment of $42,000, Philip Morris purchases 22 exposures of the Marlboro logo in the movie; Lois Lane, strong role model for teenage girls, gets a Marlboro pack on her desk and begins chain smoking Marlboro Lights. At one point in the film, a character is tossed into a van with a large Marlboro sign on its side, and in the climactic scene the superhero battles amid a maze of Marlboro billboards before zooming off in triumph, leaving in his wake a solitary taxi with a Marloro sign on top. The New York State Journal of Medicine even published an article titled “Superman and the Marlboro Woman: The Lungs of Lois Lane.” Thoughout the 80s, “Superman II” is frequently re-run on TV in prime time.
• 1980: Tobacco companies fight a 2nd CA referendum on statewide smoking restrictions; this time the front group is called “Californians Against Regulatory Excess.” As in 1978, the referendum fails.
• 1980: SPORTS: CANADA: Imperial Tobacco, through Du Maurier, begins sponsoring men’s and women’s tennis.

• 1981: 14TH Surgeon General’s Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking — The Changing Cigarette: A Report of the
Surgeon General
• 1981: Federal Trade Commission concludes that health warning labels have had little effect on public knowledge and attitudes about smoking.
• 1981: “A formalized “Blueprint for Action,” drafted in 1981 by more than 200 smoking control “experts” attending a National
Conference on Smoking OR Health, is often identified as the catalyst for a dramatic change (in anti-smoking activity.”– “The Anti-Smoking Movement”
• 1981: CONSUMPTION: Annual consumption peaks at 640 billion cigarettes, 60% of which are low-tar brands.
• 1981: LITIGATION: Rose Cipollone loses a lobe of her right lung to cancer; continues to smoke cigarettes.
• 1981: LITIGATION: CBS Chicago news commentator Walter Jacobsen accuses Brown & Williamson of engaging in a lurid advertising campaign to get young people to smoke. Jacobsen based his claim on a controversial “Illicit pleausre campaign” proposed by the Ted Bates agency.
• 1981 Massachusetts GASP files suit against BAY Transit authority for not enforcing smoking restrictions.
• 1981: BUSINESS: Hamish Maxwell, 57, becomes CEO of Philip Morris (1981-1991), succeeding George Weissman
• 1981: Insurance companies begin offering discounts for nonsmokers on life insurance premiums
• 1981: Stanton Glantz at UCSF receives a copy of ” Death in the West”
• 1981: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: 1981 PM study investigates the link between pricing and smoking levels Dick Schweiker was proposed as Secretary of DHHS (a conservative) and a relatively unknown surgeon by the name of C. Everett Koop was proposed as SG. The latter was considered an ultraconservative and darling of the far right because of his public stand on abortion. Jesse Helms was Koops sponsor in the Senate. Schweiker rescued the Office on Smoking and Health from
• 1981-01: The Hirayama Study. Takeshi Hirayama, chief of epidemiology of the Research Institute at Tokyo’s National Cancer Center, and his associates studied for fourteen years 92,000 nonsmoking wives of smoking husbands to learn what their risk was of contracting lung cancer, compared to a similarly sized control group married to nonsmokers. Nonsmoking wives married to axsmokers or current smokers of up to fourteen cigarettes a day showed a 40 percent elevated risk of lung cancer over wives married to nonsmokers; those married to husbands smoking fifteen to nineteen cigarettes a day had a 60 percent higher risk; and those whose husbands smoked a pack or more a day had a 90 percent heightened risk. The findings were savaged by letters to the BMJ (by, among others, Theodore Sterling, whose projects received $5M in CTR funds between 1973 and 1990),– and by the Tobacco Institute in full page ads all across the US. Meanwhile, Brown and Williamson documents show that, although the tobacco industry was publicly attacking Hirayama’s paper, several of its own experts were privately admitting that his conclusions were valid. B&W counsel J. Wells said both German and British scientists paid by the tobacco industry had reviewed the work and “they believe Hirayama is a good scientist and that his non-smoking wives publication is correct.”15 (J. Wells, Re Smoking and Health – Tim Finnegan, Memo to E. Pepples, 1981, 24 July) Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer: a study from Japan (BMJ, V. 282: pp. 183-185, 17 January 1981
• 1981-02: David Stockton’s Office of Management and Budget “zeroes out” the Office on Smoking and Health in its FY 82 budget. Health and Human Services Secretary Dick Schweiker battles Stockton and the White House to get half the funding restored.

• 1982: 15TH Surgeon General’s Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking — Cancer: A Report of the Surgeon General
• 1982: CONSUMPTION: 624 billion cigarettes were sold in the US this year, the most ever.

1982: BUSINESS: Harrods’ (department store) name goes on a a cigarette; this is one of the first instances of tobacco companies “renting names” of other companies (See “Harley Davidson” cigarettes) (LB).
• 1982: BUSINESS: Philip Morris Credit Corp. is incorporated.
• 1982: BUSINESS: Santa Fe Natural Tobacco Co. is founded.
• 1982: HEALTH: Surgeon General’s Report (Koop) finds possibility that second-hand smoke may cause lung cancer.
• 1982: LITIGATION: Rose Cipollone loses her right lung to cancer; continues to sneak cigarettes.
• 1982: LEGISLATION: Congress passes the No Net Cost Tobacco Program Act, requiring the government’s Commodity Credit Corporation, which pays for the government tobacco purchases, to recover all the money it spends on the price-support program. Now taxpayers no longer pay for losses incurred by the program, though they still pay about $16 million a year in administrative costs to run it
• 1982: Dallas hotelier Lyndon Sanders opens the Non-Smokers Inn; By 1990 an economic slump forced the Non-Smokers Inn to change its policy — and its name.
• 1982-01-01: CHINA: The China National Tobacco Corporation is founded.
The State Tobacco Monopoly (STM) controls tobacco production, distribution and sales. It becomes the country’s single biggest taxpayer in 1987. As of January, 2003, STM operates 123 cigarette plants with annual output of 500 billion yuan. It employs about 500,000 workers and produces 38 per cent of the world’s cigarettes.

• 1983: 16TH Surgeon General’s Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking: Cardiovascualr Disease; A report of the
Surgeon General Cites smoking as a major cause of coronary heart disease
• 1983: MARKET SHARE: Philip Morris U.S.A. gains market share for the 21st consecutive year, to reach 34.4 percent, overtaking RJR to become the #1 tobacco co. in the US in sales. For the 30th consecutive year, Philip Morris announces record revenues ($13 billion) and earnings ($904 million).
• 1983: BUSINESS: US Tobacco introduces Skoal Bandits — a starter product, with the tobacco contained in a pouch like a tea bag.
• 1983: BUSINESS: UK: Ad agency Saatchi & Saatchi creates its first product-free Silk Cut advertisements, the most successful tobacco-ad campaign ever.
• 1983: LITIGATION: Cipollone suit filed; Rose finally quits smoking.
• 1983: REGULATION: San Francisco passes first strong workplace smoking restrictions, banning smoking in private workplaces
• 1983: USA: BUSINESS: The creative director of a New York advertising agency spoke of working on tobacco advertisements,
“We were trying very hard to influence kids who were 14 to start smoking”. (Medical J of Australia, 5 March 1983, p.237). (LB)
• 1983-06-06: MEDIA: Newsweek runs “Showdown on Smoking”
(http://my.tobaccodocuments.org/view.cfm?docid=503744468 -4478&source=SNAPRJR&ShowImages=yes, a 4 page article on the nonsmokers’ rights movement. Despite months of TI input, the removal of the item from Cover Story status, and the deletion of 3 sidebars (on health effects, political donations/industry lobbying, and a poor business prognosis), TI felt, “the article contains sufficient errors and indicatons of superficiality and poor research so as to leqave an anti-smoking bias in readers’ minds.” Issues of Newsweek before & after carried 7-10 pages of cigarette ads, but the June 6 issue carried none.
According to Larry C. White’s Merchants of Death, the estimated loss of revenue as a result of publishing the article: $1 million.
• 1983-07-16: A theater in Newton, Massachusetts, runs a KOOL advertisement prior to the Saturday matinee screening of
“Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs,” resulting in an August, 1983 FTC complaint filed by Action for Children’s Advertising, Inc.

• 1984: 17TH Surgeon General’s Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking: Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, A Report of the Surgeon General Cites smoking as a major cause of chronic obstructive lung disease.
• 1984: The Advocacy Institute, which pioneered the use of electronic media for tobacco control advocacy through the creation of the Smoking Control Advocacy Resource (SCARCNet), is founded
• 1984: UK: British Medical Association uses black edged postcards to notify MPs of smoking related deaths
• 1984: CESSATION: FDA approves nicotine gum as a “new drug” and quit-smoking aid
• 1984: LITIGATION: Rose Cipollone dies of lung cancer at 58.
• 1984: REGULATION: Tobacco industry is required to turn over a general list of cigarette additives annually to the Department of Health and Human Services’ Office on Smoking and Health. The List is then locked in a safe. Disclosure to any David Yen (YD), the renowned anti-tobacco warrior who devoted half his life to promoting public health, died Sept. 6 of coronary thrombosis at 82.
• 1984: The Cigarette Safety Act of 1984 establishes a technical study group (TSG) to determine whether it was technically and economically feasible to make a fire-safe cigarette.
• 1984: TOBACCO CONTROL: TAIWAN: David Yen founds the John Tung Foundation
• 1984: BUSINESS: Hamish Maxwell becomes president and CEO of Philip Morris Inc.
• 1984: BUSINESS: The Bakery, Confectionary and Tobacco Workers International Union (BC&T) and the Tobacco Institute joined forces by establishing the Tobacco Industry Labor Management Committee. The purpose is to “contribute to greater cooperation among the various segments of the tobacco industry, in order to improve job security and economic development through public education and research address problems facing the tobacco industry”. (LB)
• 1984: SPORTS: Champion Diver Greg Louganis almost represents American Cancer Society at Olympics
• 1984-03: MEDIA: THE SATURDAY EVENING POST stops accepting tobacco advertising. The magazine was threatened with a partial advertising boycott by non-tobacco divisions of tobacco companies in response to the decision. (“Smoking and Health Reporter”, 1985, p3). The Post’s publisher is Cory SerVaas, MD.
• 1984-04-15: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: Another “Mouse House Massacre.” The Philip Morris labs at which nicotine researchers Victor DeNoble and Paul Mele worked are abruptly shut down.
• 1984-09-25: Tobacco Institute and the National Association of State Boards of Education announce an anti-youth smoking campaign, “Responsible Living Program,” which includes the TI/NASBE’-produced booklets, “Helping Youth Decide” and “Helping Youth Say No: A Parents’ Guide to Helping Teenagers Cope with Peer Pressure.” There is very little mention of tobacco in either book. The booklets offers no specific health reasons for urging youths to exhibit patience before undertaking an adult custom like smoking.

1985: 18TH Surgeon General’s Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking — Cancer and Chronic Lung Disease in the
Workplace: A Report of the Surgeon General
• 1985: HEALTH: Lung cancer surpasses breast cancer as #1 killer of women.
• 1985: Stanford MBA student Joe Tye’s 5 year old daughter becomes so delighted with a Marlboro billboard, she begins squealing with delight and says, “Look Daddy, horsies!” Tye later founds STAT (Stop Teenage Addiction to Tobacco).
• 1985: LITIGATION: Brown & Williamson sues CBS and Chicago news commentator Walter Jacobsen for libel for his 1981 commentary. B&W wins a $3.05 million verdict–the largest libel award ever paid by a news organization.
• 1985: BUSINESS: The corporate framework of Philip Morris Inc. is restructured and Philip Morris Companies Inc., a holding company, becomes the publicly held parent of Philip Morris Inc.
• 1985: BUSINESS: Philip Morris buys food and coffee giant General Foods (Post’s cereal, Jell-O, Maxwell House Coffee for $5.6
billion.
• 1985: BUSINESS: Philip Morris net income tops the $1 billion mark, reaching $1.26 billion.
• 1985: BUSINESS: Philip Morris begins publishing Philip Morris Magazine (1985-1992)
• 1985: BUSINESS: RJ Reynolds Industries buys food products company Nabisco Brands for $4.9B; renames itself RJR/Nabisco.. Ex-Standard Brands/Nabisco head Ross Johnson takes control of company.
• 1985: BUSINESS: A tobacco trade journal reports on the job of the tobacco “flavourist” and chemist. One job of the flavourist is to “ensure high satisfaction from an adequate level of nicotine per puff”. One job of the chemist is “to ensure adequate levels of nicotine and tar in the smoke”. (World Tobacco, March 1987, pp. 97-103).
• 1985: TOBACCO CONTROL: Actor Yul Brenner does TV public service announcement urging people to stop smoking.
Sponsored by the American Cancer Society.
• 1985: TOBACCO CONTROL: Iceland institutes a near-total ban of smoking in public.
• 1985: SOCIETY: Ritz-Carlton Boston hosts a cigar-smoker private dinner party for 20 gentlemen. It soon becomes a regular event in Ritz-Carltons across the country..
• 1985: Minnesota enacts the first state legislation to earmark a portion of the state cigarette excise tax to support smoking prevention programs.
• 1985-01-17: BUSINESS: B&W lawyer J. Kendrick Wells writes “Re: Document Retention” memo in reference to “removing the deadwood.”
• 1985-08-32: REGULATION: Aspen, CO, institutes 50% smoking ban. Smoking areas must be separately ventilated.

• 1986: 19TH Surgeon General’s Report: The Health Consequences of Involuntary Smoking, A Report of the Surgeon General (C. Everett Koop) finds smokeless tobacco to be cancer-causing, and addictive.
“Based on the current report, the judgment can now be made that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke can cause disease, including lung cancer, in nonsmokers. It is also clear that simple separation of smokers and nonsmokers within the same airspace may reduce but cannot eliminate nonsmoker exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. The report also reviews an extensive body of evidence which establishes an increased risk of respiratory illness and reduced lung function in infants and very young children of parents who smoke.”

1986: BUSINESS: RJ Reynolds opens its Tobaccoville plant outside Winston-Salem, NC; it was the world’s largest cigarette factory at the time.
• 1986: BUSINESS: RJ Reynolds Industries, Inc. becomes RJR Nabisco Inc.
• 1986: BUSINESS: Philip Morris sells off Seven-Up International to PepsiCo.
• 1986: BUSINESS: Spurred by the General Foods business, Philip Morris revenues increase more than 50 percent to $25.4 billion, while net earnings reach $1.5 billion.
• 1986: BUSINESS: Ex-Philip Morris CEO GEORGE WEISSMAN, begins reign as chairman of Lincoln Center (NYC).
• 1986: CUBA: Fidel Castro stops smoking cigars for health reasons.
• 1986: USA: The CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE of the Library of Congress wrote a 19 page document titled “The proposed prohibition on advertising tobacco products: A constitutional analysis”. It concluded that (a) commercial speech does not have the same protection under law as non-commercial speech, (b) Congress had the authority to regulate tobacco advertising and (c) Congress had the authority to completely prohibit tobacco advertising under the conditions set in the
Central Hudson case and/or the Posadas case. (LB)
• 1986: UK: BUSINESS: IMPERIAL GROUP is purchased by HANSON TRUST PLC
• 1986: LITIGATION: U.S. Tobacco wins SEAN MARSEE trial in Oklahoma, the only smokeless-tobacco liability case ever tried. Marsee was a track athlete who began using smokeless tobacco at 12. He contracted cancer of the tongue, which spread to his lymph nodes. He died in 1984 at 19.
• 1986: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: Industry ETS Seminar Cancelled amid charges of deception on sponsorship.
Sorell Schwartz, a Georgetown pharmacologist and tobacco industry consultant, secured funding from two tobacco companies and other sponsors for a seminar on the science of ETS at Georgetown in June 1986. Included among the speakers were several authors of the National Academy of Sciences and U.S. Surgeon General’s reports on passive smoking, then being written. Most of the moderators were members of Schwartz’s industry consulting team, the “Indoor Air Pollution Advisory Group.” Through inadvertence, Schwartz says, he failed to have an assistant notify speakers that the conference was sponsored in part by cigarette companies. For other technical reasons, he also failed to print this information in the program. The American Lung Association protested vehemently and asked Georgetown to cancel the meeting. . . Georgetown did not yield to the Lung Association, but Schwartz decided to cancel “on my own.’ In a later pamphlet, the Tobacco Institute describes all this as “a direct threat to scientific integrity’ and an “attempt to stifle free speech and academic freedom.”
• 1986: Mr. Potato Head Quits Smoking. Surgeon General C. Everett Koop asks Hasbro to stop including a pipe as a Mr. PH accessory. Mr. Potato Head became the official “spokespud” for the American Lung Society and the Great American Smoke-out.
• 1986-05: To counter the Great American Smokeout, Philip Morris USA introduces the Great American Smoker’s Kit. (Tapgram, Jan., 1987)
• 1986-07: RJR Heir Turns Against Tobacco. The grandson of tobacco company founder RJ Reynolds, PATRICK REYNOLDS, speaks against tobacco at a House Congresional hearing chaired by Congressman Henry Waxman; he advocates a complete ban of tobacco advertising, and recounts his memories of watching his father, RJ REYNOLDS, JR., die from emphysema.

1987: CONSUMPTION: 44 percent of people who had ever smoked had quit as of 1987.
• 1987: REGULATION: Secretary of Transportation Elizabeth Dole refuses to ban smoking completely on airplanes, despite a unanimous recommendation from the National Academy of Scientists and Surgeon General C. Everett Koop.
• 1987: LEGISLATION: CA: Willie Brown’s “Napkin Deal” is passed. It bars product liability actions for inherently unsafe products, on the grounds that consumer use of those products was “knowing” and “voluntary.” Outlined on a linen napkin at the watering hole Frank Fat’s by Bill Lockyer and then-Speaker Brown, the law was one of the most famous back room deals ever struck in Sacramento. (Code of Civil Procedure 1714.45). It takes effect on Jan. 1, 1988, and remains in effect for exactly 10 years, until the Calif. legislature, shocked by revelations from secret documents, strips the industry’s immunity away again, effective Jan. 1, 1998.
• 1987: BUSINESS: Philip Morris execs are blessed by Cardinal Cooke. For the Treasures of the Vatican exhibit, Terence Cardinal Cooke, then the Roman Catholic Archbishop of New York, led a prayer for Mr. Weissman and his Philip Morris colleagues. After the benediction, Frank Saunders, PM VP, said, “We are probably the only cigarette company on this earth to be blessed by a cardinal.”
• 1987: LITIGATION: INDONESIA: Lawyer R.O. Tambunan, on behalf of Indonesian youth, files a class-action suit for Rp 1 trillion against cigarette producer PT Bentoel, for allegedly violating the law by using the words Remaja Jaya (Successful Youth) as the brand name of its product. The Central Jakarta District Court dismissesthe suit, saying that Tambunan had no right to take action as a representative of Indonesian youth.
• 1987: REGULATION: Congress bans smoking on domestic flights of less than two hours. Takes effect in 1988.
• 1987: REGULATION: Beverly Hills, CA, bans smoking in restuarants. Barry Fogel (Jacopos) the restauranteur who is the nominal head of the Beverly Hills Restaurant Association, later said the group was fabricated,, and that he regretted having anything to do with it. BHRA was organized by Rudy Cole according to Consumer Reports. It took a survey of Beverly Hills restaurants which found business decreased 30% durng a 1987 smoking ban. “What if they Passed a Law That Took Away 30 Percent of Your Business” read an ad that the Tobacco Institute ran in some restaurant trade publications. In 1994, Fogel wrote to the NYC council that he had been president in 1988 of the BHRA, which successfully fought a local smokefree bill, He said the BHRA had been organized and financed almost exclusively by the tobacco industry. Fogel said he regretted his participation in the group. He owns the Jacopo restaurants, and wrote that since they went nonsmoking, “sales have risen.” Fogel: ‘There was no Beverly Hills Restaurant Association before the smokefree ordinance. We were organized by the tobacco industry. The industry even flew some of our members by Lear Jet to another California city considering smokefree restaurant legislation.” Mr. Fogel goes on to say “I regret my participation with the tobacco industry.” BHRA was represented by thenpartner Mickey Kantor of Manatt, Phelps & Phillips law firm in Los Angeles
• 1987: FIRES: 1984’S Cigarette Safety Act study group reports to Congress that the production of more fire-safe cigarettes is indeed technically and economically feasible and within the capabilities of the tobacco industry at that time. The industry denies this. “Toward a Less Fire-Prone Cigarette,” Final Report to the Congress,Technical Study Group on Cigarette and Little Cigar Fire Safety, Cigarette Safety Act of 1984, 1987.
• 1987: Tobacco Instutute Testing Laboratory takes over tar/nicotine tests from the FTC Test Center.
• 1987: REGULATION: Department of Health and Human Services goes smoke-free.
• 1987: REGULATION: AUSTRALIA: The province of Victoria is the first to use a tobacco tax to create tobacco control foundation.
1987: ADVERTISING: Joe Camel Debuts in USA. A North Carolina advertising agency uses Joe Camel to celebrate “Old Joe’s” 75th anniversary.
• 1987: JAPAN: A tobacco trade jcournal reports on a group of Japanese “smoke lovers” who participated in a panel discussion on smoking. One panelist said, “The life expectancy of Japanese is said to be the world’s longest now, and why must we be so timidly concerned about health? Let’s enjoy life and smoking” (World Tobacco, Sept 87, p.18). (LB)
• 1987: JAPAN: The Tokyo Customs Office attributes the increase in cigarette imports to the permeation of promotional activities of the suppliers of foreign tobacco products. (World Tobacco, Sept 87, p.7).(LB)
• 1987: BUSINESS: Ross Johnson attempts a leveraged buyout of RJR Nabisco.
• 1987: BUSINESS: Introduction of “Go to Hell” cigarettes. Each pack comes with two messages, first, “I like’em and I’m going to smoke’em”, second, “Cheaper than psychiatry, better than a nervous breakdown”. (Tobacco International, p.31). (LB) • 1987-09: BUSINESS: Premier Introduced. RJR’s F. Ross Johnson introduces the smokeless Premier cigarette at a press conference in New York’s Grand Hyatt Hotel.
• 1987-11-18: UK: Fire, thought caused by a dropped cigarette, engulfs the King’s Cross Underground station, killing 31. As a result, a 1985 ban on trains is expanded to cover the entire system, including London Underground stations.

• 1988: 20TH Surgeon General’s Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking: Nicotine Addiction, A Report of the Surgeon General (C. Everett Koop) calls nicotine “a powerfully addicting drug.” In 618-page summary of over 2,000 studies of nicotine and its effects on the body, Koop declares, “It is now clear that . . . cigarettes and other form of tobacco are addicting and that actions of nicotine provide the pharmacologic basic of tobacco addiction,” .
• 1988: LEGISLATION: Pennsylvania’s preemptive Clean Indoor Air Act is passed; it requires restaurants with 75 or more seats to provide a nonsmoking section. Restaurants with fewer seats either must provide a nonsmoking section or post signs saying there is no such section. The law preempts any further restrictions on public smoking by localities.
• 1988: LITIGATION: FINLAND: First tobacco trial in Europe, in the case of Pentti Aho, 66. In 2001, 7 years after his death, the supreme court rules Aho is responsible for his own ill health.
• 1988: LITIGATION: CIPOLLONE: New Jersey Judge Lee H. Sarokin, presiding over the Cipollone trial, says he has found evidence of a conspiracy by 3 tobacco companies that is vast in its scope, devious in its purpose, and devastating in its results.”
• 1988: DOCUMENTS: .Cipollone trial reveals “Motives and Incentives in Ciragette Smoking,” a 1972 confidential report prepared by the Philip Morris Research Center of Richmond, Virginia. It reads in part, The cigarette should be conceived not as a product but as a package. The product is nicotine. . . . Think of the cigarette as a dispenser for a dose unit of nicotine. . . . Think of a puff of smoke as the vehicle of nicotine. . . . Smoke is beyond question the most optimized vehicle of nicotine and the cigarette the most optimized dispenser of smoke.
• 1988: CONSUMPTION: New Teen Smokers: 710,000
• 1988: BUSINESS: Philip Morris report, “Smoking Among High School Seniors” suggests fewer youngsters were smoking in the early 1980s because participation in athletic programs was increasing.
• 1988: BUSINESS: Philip Morris pays $13.6 billion for Kraft, Inc. As in the General Foods deal, most of the financing is provided by non-U.S. sources.

1988: BUSINESS: Philip Morris revenues reach nearly $32 billion; net earnings top $2.3 billion.
• 1988: BUSINESS: Richemont is formed.
• 1988: ADVERTISING: McCann-Erickson ad agency creates “Smooth Character” line for Joe Camel campaign.
• 1988: SPORTS: Olympics goes smoke-free. When the 1988 Winter Olympics were held in Calgary, Alberta, Dr. John Hamilton Read successfully lobbies to have the Games smoke-free. All subsequent Games also ban smoking.
• 1988-01-06: LITIGATION: Merrell Williams begins work for lawfirm Wyatt, Tarrant & Combs analyzing secret Brown & Williamson tobacco documents.
• 1988-04-07: CESSATION: First World No-Tobacco Day, sponsored by World Health Organization as part of WHO’s 40th anniversary. Slogan: Tobacco or health: The choice is yours
• 1988-04-18: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: Shook Hardy recommends renewal of $484G Feinstein “CTR Special Project” “Dr. Alvan Feinstein has requested a renewal of his CTR Special Project on improved scientific methods in clinical epidemiology. Funding is requested for two years in the amount of $484,960.” Bates #:2015006928-6929 http://my.tobaccodocuments.org/tdo/view.cfm?ShowCitation=yes&CitID=2292049
• 1988-06: LITIGATION: Liggett Group (L&M, Chesterfield) ordered to pay Antonio Cipollone $400,000 in compensatory damages for its contribution to his wife’s death. In the years before the 1966 warning labels, Liggett found to have given Cipollone an express warranty its products were safe. First ever financial award in a liability suit against a tobacco company; award later overturned on technicality; plaintiffs, out of money, drop case
• 1988-Fall: BUSINESS: Ross Johnson informs RJR Nabisco board he intends to lead a management buy-out, and purchase the company for $17 billion. The ensuing debacle will become the largest LBO ever, with Henry Kravitz’ KKR emerging the winner in 1989, paying a record $24.9 billion.
• 1988-11-17: Great American Smokeout; ex-Winston model David Goerlitz quits smoking after 24 years.
• 1988-12 to 1993-03:Jeffrey Wigand works at Brown & Williamson.
• 1988-89: CANADA: LEGISLATION: Federal laws are enacted to prohibit tobacco advertising and ensure smoke-free workplaces. Cigarette packs must carry one of four specified health warnings: “Smoking reduces life expectancy;” “Smoking is the major cause of lung cancer;” “Smoking is a major cause of heart disease;” or “Smoking during pregnancy can harm the baby.” (NCTH)

• 1989: 21st Surgeon General’s Report: Reducing the Health Consequences of Smoking, 25 Years of Progress, a Report of the
Surgeon General
• 1989: BUSINESS: RJR releases Premier, its smokeless cigarette, for test-marketing.
• 1989: BUSINESS: PM spends $300,000 test-marketing a version of its Next brand called “De-Nic,” which contained only .1mg nicotine. The Kansas City Star reported that apparently the major market for Philip Morris De-Nic cigarettes was tobacco researchers, who ran out and bought them for use in studies in which it was found that though they tasted very similar to regular cigarettes, and were smoked in much the same way, smokers brain waves did not change as they do with nicotine cigarettes.
• 1989: BUSINESS: PM combines Kraft Inc. and General Foods Corp. to form Kraft General Foods, the largest food company in the United States.
• 1989: BUSINESS: Spurred by the Kraft Inc. business, Philip Morris Cos. revenues increase 41 percent to nearly $45 billion; net earnings jump 26 percent to nearly $3 billion. Operating companies income from Philip Morris International tops $1 billion for the first time.
• 1989: BUSINESS: Richemont acquires Philip Morris’ 30% interest in Rothmans International
• 1989: ADVERTISING: Saatchi and Saatchi design Northwest Airlines’ Smoke-free Skies campaign; RJ Reynolds withdraws its Oreo account, which Saatchi had had for 18 years.
• 1989: BUSINESS: BRAND CONSUMPTION: Marlboro has 25% of the American market
• 1989: BUSINESS: RJR abandons Premier, its smokeless cigarette, after unsuccessful test-marketing in Arizona and Missouri.
• 1989: CANADA: The government requires cigarette manufacturers to list the additives and amounts for each brand. RJ Reynolds temporarily withdraws its brands, and reformulates them so they are different from their US versions. Philip Morris withdraws its cigarettes from the Canadian market entirely.
• 1989: UAR: Dubai Islamic Bank in the United Arab Emirates has banned smoking by staff and customers because Islam forbids harming the body. (Reuters, 27 July 19189). (LB)
• 1989-01: B&W hires Wigand as Vice President for Research and Development, ostensibly to develop a safer cigarette.
• 1989-02-08: BUSINESS: KKR buys RJR Nabisco for $24.88 Billion (or, according to some accounts, $29.6 billion). Lou
Gerstner from American Express is appointed CEO
• 1989-05-31: World No-Tobacco Day. Slogan: The female smoker: at added risk
• 1989-11-20: Philip Morris U.S.A. sends a letter to Sega Enterprises demanding that the company cease all use of the Marlboro trademark on its “Super Monaco GP” video arcade game and recall all games where the Marlboro trademark appears. http://tobaccodocuments.org/pm/2046855732.html
• 1989-11-21: Smoking banned on domestic airlines. The bill by Sen. Frank Lautenberg (D-NJ) is enacted.

The Nineties
The Millenia Approaches

• 1990: 22nd Surgeon General’s Report: Health Benefits of Smoking Cessation, A Report of the Surgeon General

• 1990: BUSINESS: BRAND CONSUMPTION:
RANK BRAND BILLIONS SOLD
1 Marlboro 134.43 billion(?)
2 Winston 45.81 billion
3 Salem 32.01 billion
4 Kool 25.67 billion
5 Newport 24.09 billion

• 1990: CONSUMPTION: Americans smoke fewer than 3 billion cigars annually.
1990: REGULATION: Dr. David Kessler comes to the FDA. He will stay till 1997, his tenure marked by the attempt, invalidated by the Supreme Court in 1999, to regulate cigarettes as nicotine delivery devices.
• 1990: REGULATION: FRANCE: Social Affairs Minister Claude Evin severely restricts tobacco advertising.
• 1990: FIRES: Moakley shepherds the Fire Safe Cigarette Act of 1990 into public law. It mandates the development of a standard test method for cigarette fire safety.
• 1990: LITIGATION: Mississippi jury rules that cigarettes killed Nathan Horton, but does not award damages, finding both Horton and American Tobacco shared culpability equally.
• 1990: Ben and Jerry’s ice cream boycott by dropping Oreo cookies from its ice cream.
• 1990: USA: Ellis Milan, president of the Retail Tobacco Distributors of America said, “President George Bush often talks of 1,000 points of light. I’d like to think those points of light are coming from the glowing ends of cigars, cigarettes and pipes across the country, and symbolize the cornerstone of this nation — tobacco”(LB)
• 1990: BUSINESS: Philip Morris acquires Jacobs Suchard AG, a Swiss-based coffee and confectionery company, for $4.1
billion.
• 1990: BUSINESS: Philip Morris’ revenues reach $51 billion; operating companies income reaches $3.5 billion.
• 1990: FIRES: INDIA: 86 people are killed when a train in Patna catches fire after a passenger throws a cigarette on a girl’s sari, which catches fire.
• 1990: INDIA: A tobacco trade journal reports that India is selling its first cigarette specifically aimed at women, MS Special
Filters, “the sort of market targeting that can get you pilloried in the US.” (World Tobacco, March 1990, p. 11). (LB)
• 1990: PEOPLE: Philip Morris CEO Hamish Maxwell, a heavy smoker, undergoes quadruple bypass surgery.
• 1990: REGULATION: NYC Passes Tobacco Sampling Law. Prohibits giveaway or discounted distribution of tobacco products in public places and at public events. Exempts tobacco retailers in their stores and wholesalers or manufacturers.
• 1990: REGULATION: San Luis Obispo, California becomes the first city in the world to ban smoking in all public buildings including bars and restaurants.
• 1990: BUSINESS: The Uptown Fiasco. RJR begins test-marketing “Uptown” cigarettes targetting blacks. Health and Human Services secretary Louis Sullivan, along with many black civic and religious leaders denounce the cigarette. RJR cancels the cigarette. The success of the campaign leads to the founding of the National Association of African Americans for Positive Imagery (NAAAPI) in 1991.
• 1990: BUSINESS: Los Angeles, CA, restaurant Remi holds its first cigar night for women, the “George Sands Society Night.” • 1990-01-01: The smoking ban on all domestic flights of less than 6 hours, except to Alaska or Hawaii, takes effect. Smoking is also banned on interstate buses.
• 1990-02: BUSINESS: Marketing firm Spector M. Marketors, under contract for R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company developed plans to promote “Dakota” brand cigarettes to the “virile female,” including 18- through 20-year-old women
• 1990-02-10: LITIGATION: Miles v Philip Morris is filed In Madison County, IL. under the Illinois Consumer Fraud Act. The plaintiffs claim that Philip Morris committed fraud by claiming its Marlboro Lights and Cambridge Lights delivered lower tar and nicotine than the regular Marlboro and Cambridge cigarettes.
• 1990-05-31: World No-Tobacco Day. Slogan: Childhood and youth without tobacco
• 1990-08-22: RUSSIA: Scores of angry smokers block street near Moscow’s Red Square for hours in protest of summer-long cigarette shortage

• 1991: REGULATION: FRANCE: France passes the Evin law banning smoking in public areas and requiring non-smoking areas in restaurants. It is almost completely ignored.
• 1991: LITIGATION: Mildred Wiley, a nonsmoker, dies of lung cancer at 56. Her husband, Philip of Marion, Indiana, will bring a suit that in December, 1995 will be the first to establish second hand smoke as a workplace injury eligible for workers’ compensation.
• 1991: LITIGATION: Grady Carter is diagnosed with lung cancer.
• 1991: ADVERTISING: Joe Camel’s own line of merchandise is touted by RJR as bringing in $40 Million/year in advertising
billings.
• 1991: ADVERTISING: JAMA publishes 2 noted studies of Joe Camel and kids:
• One finds that 91% of 6 year olds can match Joe Camel to his product (cigarettes), and is as recognized by preschoolers as Mickey Mouse
• The other study, by Joe DiFranza, finds that since the inception of the Joe Camel campaign in 1987, Camel’s share of the under-18 market had risen from 0.5% to 32.8%.

• 1991: ADVERTISING: Saatchi and Saatchi unit Campbell Mithun tests a campaign for Kool that featured a cartoon smoking penguin wearing shades, a buzzcut and Day-Glo sneakers.
• 1991: BRITAIN: The British government will no longer provide financial aid to tobacco companies in developing countries.
(AP, 9 Feb 1991). (LB)
• 1991: BUSINESS: Johns Hopkins University announces that it will sell all its $5.3 million worth of tobacco stock. (LB)
• 1991: BUSINESS: Marlboro Medium is introduced
• 1991: BUSINESS: PM Chairman Hamish Maxwell (1981-1991) retires. Michael A. Miles (1991-1994) becomes chairman & CEO, the first non-tobacco man to do so.
• 1991: BUSINESS: PMI’s volume tops 400 billion units.
• 1991: SPORTS: Health and Human Services Secretary Louis W. Sullivan asks sports fans to boycott events sponsored by tobacco companies, and urges promotors to shun tobacco money. His plea is ignored.
• 1991-02-21: BUSINESS: Philip Morris Sues Sega over Marlboro trademark. Philip Morris sues Sega in United States District
Court for the Southern District of New York, claiming that Sega Enterprises of San Jose, Calif., failed to comply with a March 20,
1990, agreement to have the Marlboro trademark removed from its “Super Monaco GP” video game. Sega agrees to settle in May, 1992, offering video game owners $200 to have their video games revamped.
• 1991-05-31: Philip Morris and the AIDS activist group ACT-UP (Aids Coalition To Unleash Power) announce an end to boycotts against Miller Beer and Marlboro cigarettes in return for more funding to fight AIDS and anti-gay bias. Tthe boycott originated in 1990 in protest of Philip Morris’s support of Sen. Jesse Helms, R-N.C., regarded in the homosexual community as anti-gay. William Dobbs of the New York chapter calles the agreement “despicable,” saying that taking money from a cigarette company was like “stepping over thousands of dead” to help AIDS victims.
1991-05-31: World No-Tobacco Day. Slogan: Public places and transport: better be tobacco-free
• 1991-06: BUSINESS: Domini Social Equity Fund is created by Amy Domini to exclude war-related, alcohol and tobacco stocks.
• 1991-07: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: Consumers’ Research Magazine publishes “Passive Smoking: How Great a Hazard?” by Huber, Gary L; Brockie, Robert E; Mahajan, Vijay K. “ETS is so highly diluted that it is not even appropriate to call it smoke.”

• 1992: CONSUMPTION: Among smokers age 12 to 17 years, a 1992 Gallup survey found that 70% said if they had to do it over again, they would not start smoking, and 66% said that they want to quit. Fifty-one percent of the teen smokers surveyed had made a serious effort to stop smoking–but had failed.
• 1992: 23rd Surgeon General’s Report: Smokmg and Health in the Amencas: A 1992 Report of the Surgeon General, in
Collaboration with the Pan Amencan Health Organization
• 1992: STATISTICS: Per-capita consumption of cigarettes stands at 7 per day among adult Americans
• 1992: Congress passes the Durbin Amendment, which prohibits the USDA from using the Market Promotion Program to promote the sale and export of U.S. tobacco abroad. In 1993, Congress broadens the prohibition to apply to the entire Foreign Agricultural Service within USDA.
• 1992: CESSATION: Nicotine patch is introduced.
• 1992: LITIGATION: Supreme Court rules that the 1965 warning label law does not shield tobacco companies from suits accusing them of deceiving the public about the health effects of smoking.
• 1992: LEGISLATION: NYC passes Vending Machine Law. Bans distribution of tobacco products through vending machines except those placed at least 25 feet from the door of a tavern.
• 1992: LEGISLATION: NY State passes Adolescent Tobacco Use Prevention Act. Prohibits free distribution of tobacco products to the public, tobacco sales through vending machines or to minors. Requires merchants to post signs saying no sales to minors and to ask for age identification of anyone under 25. Allows parent of a minor who purchased tobacco to bring a complaint against the vendor.
• 1992: LEGISLATION: Australia: Tobacco Advertising Prohibition Act
• 1992: LITIGATION: U.S. Attorney in Brooklyn, N.Y., begins criminal probe of industry.
• 1992: ENTERTAINMENT: Pinkerton Tobacco Co., under pressure from the FTC, agrees to cease advertising its products on TV during the “Red Man Pulling Series.”.
• 1992-Fall: MEDIA: Marvin Shanken publishes first issue of Cigar Aficionado
• 1992: BUSINESS: Philip Morris Magazine folds
• 1992: BUSINESS: Philip Morris Cos. revenues approach the $60 billion mark; net earnings fall just short of $5 billion. Operating companies income tops $5 billion at PM U.S.A.; $2 billion at both PMI and KGF; and $1 billion at the international food business.
• 1992: BUSINESS: Marlboro Adventure Team contest is introduced. Philip Morris has called the MAT one of the most successful advertising campaigns in history.
• 1992: BUSINESS: Financial World ranks Marlboro the world’s No. 1 most valuable brand (value: $31.2 billion)
• 1992: BUSINESS: HUNGARY: BAT acquires Pcsi Dohnygyr, Hungary’s largest cigarette manufacturer.

1992-04: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: Consumers’ Research Magazine publishes “Passive Smoking And Your Heart” by Huber, Gary L; Brockie, Robert E; Mahajan, Vijay K.
• 1992-04: “Marlbor Man” Wayne McLaren asks Philip Morris to limit its advertising. Dying of lung cancer, McLaren appears at PM’s annual shareholders meeting in Richmond, VA, and asks the company to voluntarily limit its advertsing. Chairman Michael Miles responds: We’re certainly sorry to hear about your medical problem. Without knowing your medical history, I don’t think I can comment any further.
• 1992-05: AUSTRALIA: LITIGATION: ETS: Leisel Sholem wins $50,000 in second-hand smoke suit, based on knowledge about ETS between 1975 and 1986.
• 1992-05-31: World No-Tobacco Day. Slogan: Tobacco-free workplaces: safer and healthier • 1992-07-22: “Marlboro Man” Wayne McLaren, 51, dies of lung cancer.

• 1993: CONSUMPTION: 70% of adults who smoke wanted to quit completely; Smoking prevalence among U.S. adults (18 years of age and older) is estimated to be 25%, compared with 26.3% for 1992. Forty-six million adults currently smoke (24 million men, 22 million women). Thirty-two million American smokers (70% of all adult smokers) report that they want to quit smoking completely. Women (73%) are more likely to want to quit smoking than men (67%). By 1993, an estimated 38.2% of high school dropouts who had ever smoked had quit, compared with 45.3% of high school graduates and 65.4% of college graduates. –“Cigarette smoking among adults–United States, 1993,” CDC, December 23, 1994, issue of Morbidity and
Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)
• 1993: CONSUMPTION: About 3 million Americans smoke cigars.
• 1993: Incoming President Bill CLINTON bans smoking in the White House.
• 1993: BUSINESS: US Tobacco introduces Cherry-flavored Skoal long-cut.
• 1993: BUSINESS: Separation of Richemont’s tobacco and luxury goods operations into Rothmans International BV/PLC and
Vendôme luxury goods SA/PLC
• 1993: VERMONT is the first state in the nation to ban indoor smoking.
• 1993: US POST OFFICE bans smoking in its facilities.
• 1993: BUSINESS: Philip Morris is the nation’s #2 advertiser, behind Proctor and Gamble.
• 1993: BUSINESS: Cigarette promotional expenditures reach $6.03 billion, an increase of 15.4 percent over 1992.
• 1993: BUSINESS: Financial World ranks Marlboro the world’s No. 1 most valuable brand (value: $39.5 billion)
• 1993: BUSINESS: Philip Morris buys RJR Nabisco’s North American cold cereal operation.
• 1993: BUSINESS: Philip Morris’ revenues reach nearly $61 billion.
• 1993: BUSINESS: Con-Agra’s Charles Harper becomes CEO of RJR
• 1993: BUSINESS: UST introduces low-nicotine, cherry-flavored Skoal Long Cut
• 1993: “Allies: The ACLU and the Tobacco Industry” reveals an otherwise undisclosed $500,000 given by Philip Morris to the ACLU between 1987 and 1992, along with additional sums from RJR Nabisco and the Tobacco Institute.. The report was written by Morton Mintz in cooperation with Public Citizen, the Advocacy Institute, the American Heart Association and Ralph Nader.
• 1993: The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) is first suggested to the WHO by Ruth Roemer, Professor of
Health Law at the UCLA School of Public Health.
1993: CANADA: LEGISLATION: Federal law is enacted to raise the legal age for buying tobacco to 18. (NCTH)
• 1993: Major League Baseball institutes a tobacco prohibition policy for all minor-league teams, coaches and staff.
• 1993-01 FRANCE: LEGISLATION: Tobacco advertising is banned; Grand Prix auto race canceled because of tobacco advertising. In February, Grand Prix is re-instated, without direct tobacco advertising; drivers still allowed to wear sponsors’ colors.
• 1993: SOUTH AFRICA: First tobacco control law passed–The Tobacco Products Control Amendment Act bans sale of cigarettes to those under 16; this is largely ignored
• 1993-01: HEALTH: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) releases 510-page report, “Respiratory Health Effects of Passive Smoking: Lung Cancer and Other Diseases;” declares cigarette smoke a Class-A carcinogen.
• 1993-01-28: Michael Fumento’s “Is EPA Blowing Its Own Smoke? How Much Science Is Behind Its Tobacco Finding?” is published in the Investor’s Business Journal. It quotes Alvan Feinstein, Gary Huber, and James E. Enstrom critiquiing the EPA report.
• 1993-04-02: BUSINESS: “Marlboro Friday”–PM Slashes Marlboro Prices
• 1993-05-31: World No-Tobacco Day. Slogan: Health services: Our window to a tobacco-free world
• 1993-07-15: USA: Tobacco BBS goes online, as a FirstClass BBS.
• 1993-09-29: LITIGATION: Wyatt, Tarant files suit against Merrell Williams over “secret” tobacco papers.
• 1993: LEGISLATION: NYC passes Tobacco Product Regulation Act. Bans out-of-package tobacco sales. Places age restrictions on handling. Prohibits sale of tobacco products to minors. Requires one public health message for every four tobacco ads appearing on city property. Bans use of tobacco products on school property.

• 1994: STATISTICS: Of those who smoke, 70 percent expressed an interest in quitting. Another 28 percent said they had no desire to give up smoking. Forty-eight percent said they want to quit and have tried to do so but failed, and 22 percent want to quit but have not tried. (Source: USA Today/CNN/Gallup Poll, March 1994)
• 1994: 24th Surgeon General’s Report: Preventing Tobacco Use Among Young People: A Report of the Surgeon General
• 1994: OSHA proposes severe workplace smoking restrictions.
• 1994: Brown & Williamson tries to force Rep. Henry Waxman, D-Calif., to hand over confidential documents that Waxman’s subcommittee obtained in its investigation of the tobacco industry. B&W’s case was argued in court, and lost, by Kenneth Starr.
• 1994: MEDIA: Frank Blethen’s Seattle (Wash.) Times becomes the largest US newspaper to refuse tobacco advertising.
“These ads were designed to kill our readers,” said Times president H. Mason Sizemore, “so we decided to refuse them.”
• 1994: BANS: McDonald’s bans smoking in all 11,000 of its restaurants
• 1994: BANS: Dept. of Defense imposes restrictions on smoking at all US military bases worldwide
• 1994: BUSINESS: William Murray is appointed chairman of Philip Morris Cos.; Geoffrey C. Bible is named president and CEO.
• 1994: Tobacco Control Begins in China. China institutes restrictions on tobacco advertising, puts health warnings on cigarette packs and sanctions antismoking education efforts.
• 1994: BUSINESS: Financial World ranks Marlboro the world’s No. 2 most valuable brand behind Coca-Cola (value: $33 billion) • 1994: BUSINESS: Philip Morris sends out an estimated 19 million Marlboro promotional items; briefly becomes #3 mail order house in the US
1994: SPORTS: Virginia Slims Tennis tour ends. The Women’s Tennis Assn. event began in 1971.
• 1994: CANADA: LEGISLATION: Bigger and stronger warning messages are required on cigarette packs: (NCTH)
• “Cigarettes are addictive;”
• “Tobacco smoke can harm your children;”
• “Cigarettes cause fatal lung disease;”
• “Cigarettes cause cancer;”
• “Cigarettes cause strokes and heart disease;”
• “Smoking during pregnancy can harm your baby;”
• “Smoking can kill you;”
• “Tobacco smoke causes fatal lung disease in non-smokers.”

• 1994: First International Quit & Win (IQW) competition
• 1994: LEGISLATION: Federal Pro-Children Act of 1994. Public Law 103-227, Title X, Part C—Environmental Tobacco Smoke, also known as the Pro-Children Act of 1994 (Act), imposes restrictions on smoking in facilities where federally funded children’s services are provided. The Act specifies that smoking is prohibited in any indoor facility owned, leased, or contracted for and used for the routine or regular provision of kindergarten, elementary, or secondary education or library services to children under the age of 18. In addition, smoking is prohibited in any indoor facility or portion of a facility owned, leased, or contracted for and used for the routine or regular provision of federally funded health care, day care, or early childhood development (Head Start) services to children under the age of 18. The statutory prohibition also applies if such facilities are constructed, operated, or maintained with Federal funds. The statute does not apply to children’s services provided in private residences, facilities funded solely by Medicare or Medicaid funds, portions of facilities used for inpatient drug or alcohol treatment, or facilities where Women, Infants and Children (WIC) coupons are redeemed.
• 1994: Congressional Research Service report criticizes 1993 EPA secondhand smoke report. EPA responds: Two economists from CRS [Gravelle and Zimmerman], citing material largely prepared by the tobacco industry, included a discussion of EPA’s risk assessment in an economic analysis of a cigarette excise tax proposal to fund health care reform. In EPA’s view, the CRS economists’ cursory look at the issues is not comparable to the exhaustive analyses and rigorous review process which EPA undertook when examining the extensive database on secondhand smoke and respiratory health.
• 1994: FIRES: INDIA: 66 passengers die when a fire breaks out on Mumbai-Howrah Express after a passenger throws a bidi on a packet of crackers.
• 1994-02: CANADA: Tobacco taxes are slashed to curb runaway bootlegging from the US.
• 1994-02-22: SCIENCE: Scientists from Canada reported finding evidence of cigarette smoke in fetal hair, the first biochemical proof that the offspring of non-smoking mothers can be affected by passive cigarette smoke.
• 1994-02: LEGISLATION: FDA commissioner David Kessler announces plans to consider regulation of tobacco as a drug. • 1994: LEGISLATION: NY State passes PRO-KIDS Law. Prohibits smoking on school grounds in all schools, kindergarten through 12th grade. Bans out-of-package cigarette sales. Prohibits smoking in child-care centers, youth centers, group homes, public institutions or residential treatment facilities that serve young people.
1994-03: ADVERTISING: Brown & Williamson Tobacco yanks cigarette accounts from Saatchi unit Campbell Mithun. Gives Kool account to Grey Advertising.
• 1994-02-28 & 03-07: TV: ABC airs “Day One” segments “Smokescreen” and “The List” concerning tobacco industry manipulation of nicotine
• 1994-03-24: LITIGATION: Philip Morris sues ABC for $10 billion over the 2 “Day One” segments. (Two other events were occurring this year: ABC was in the process of being sold to Disney, and the huge communications bill was going through
Congress. Lobbyists swarmed Congress, especially the powerful chairman of the House Commerce Committee, VA Republican
Tom Bliley, often dubbed”The Congressman from Philip Morris.”)
• 1994-03-24: Wall St. Journal publishes, “Smoke & Mirrors: EPA Wages War on Cigarettes,” by Jacob Sullum. The article takes issue with the EPA’s 1993 report on secondhand smoke, quoting Alvan Feinstein, James Enstrom and Gary Huber.
• 1994-05-16: National Review publishes “Just how bad is secondhand smoke? (Cover Story),” by Jacob Sullum, who quotes James Enstrom, Gary Huber and Alvan Feinstein.
• 1994-05-26: RJR reprints Sullum’s WSJ article in a full-page ad, with the caption, “IF WE SAID IT, YOU MIGHT NOT BELIEVE IT.” Reynolds’EPA assault includes as well a major multi-city tour of RJR representatives and scientists who meet with editors, writers and talk show hosts. The ad emphasizes that Mr. Sullum “is not associated with the tobacco industry.” See:
http://texts.cdlib.org/dynaxml/servlet/BookView?source=eschol/6838/6838.xml&style=eschol/xsl/dynaxml/dynaxml.xsl&d oc.view=popup&fig.ent=6838_00005.gif or http://texts.cdlib.org/dynaxml/servlet/BookView?source=eschol/6838/6838.xml&style=eschol/xsl/dynaxml/dynaxml.xsl&d oc.view=0&chunk.id=d0e6242&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e6242&query=sullum#1
• 1994-06-27: Philip Morris reprints Sullum’s March, 1994 Forbes MediaCritic article (a longer version of his WSJ item), “Passive Reporting on Passive Smoke,” in full, in a series of 6 full-page ads in newspapers throughout the country, including the New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, Chicago Tribune, Miami Herald, Boston Globe, and Baltimore Sun, under the heading, “SECONDHAND SMOKE FACTS FINALLY EMERGE / How Science Lost Out To Politics On Seconhand Smoke” Philip Morris paid Sullum $5,000 for the right to reprint. See:
http://texts.cdlib.org/dynaxml/servlet/BookView?source=eschol/6838/6838.xml&style=eschol/xsl/dynaxml/dynaxml.xsl&d oc.view=popup&fig.ent=6838_00006.gif The introductory ad began, “Were you misled? Ever since the EPA issued its report … serious questions have been raised about the report’s validity.” The banner atop the following four-part reprint series proclaim “Secondhand Smoke: Facts Finally Emerge”; the bottom banner concludes, “In any controversy, Facts Must Matter.” Finally, in
40 Sunday papers, the full article is reprinted. “We felt that this report was particularly objective,” said PM vice president Ellen Merlo. Elizabeth Whelan said, “Wall Street Journal, Reason, Forbes and National Review all recently carried essentially the same article by the same author–Jacob Sullum–who defies the now nearly unanimous view of scientists that [secondhand smoke] can be harmful.” The ads were such blockbusters that they received media coverage, which reported Philip Morris’ views also.
• 1994-03-29: LITIGATION: New Orleans, LA. Castano case begins; a 60-attorney coalition files what will become the nation’s largest class-action lawsuit plaintiffs charge tobacco companies hid their knowledge of the addicting qualities of tobacco.
• 1994-04: IRAN:
• 1994-04: BUSINESS: BAT Industries agrees to buy American Tobacco from American Brands for $1 billion.
• 1994-04-13: Tobacco Industry releases “The List” of 599 cigarette additives
1994-04-14: Seven Tobacco Company executives begin testimony in Congressional hearings
• 1994-04-28: ex-Philip Morris scientist Victor J. DeNoble testifies on his research into nicotine and addiction in rats; claims PM suppresed his findings.
• 1994-04: MEDIA: Time and US News and World Report each run cover stories on tobacco; as with the June 6, 1983 Newsweek, neither has a single tobacco advertisement.
• 1994-05-07: New York TImes front-page article reviews “secret” Brown & Williamson tobacco papers.
• 1994-05-12: Stanton Glantz at UCSF receives a box of “secret” Brown & Williamson tobacco papers from “Mr. Butts.” • 1994-05-23: LITIGATION: MISSISSIPPI becomes the first state to sue tobacco companies to recoup health care costs associated with smoking. (The State of Mississippi v. American Tobacco et. al., filed in the Chancery Court of Jackson County, Mississippi (Case No. 94-1429). Case brought by Miss. A-G Michael Moore.
• 1994-05-31: LITIGATION: David Burton, who lost both legs due to peripheral vascular disease (PVD) files suit in Federal Court in Manhattan, KS, against RJR and American Tobacco Co.
• 1994-05-31: FTC Clears Joe Camel
• 1994-05-31: World No-Tobacco Day. Slogan: The media and tobacco: Getting the health message across
• 1994-06-02: LITIGATION: West Virginia sues tobacco companies to recoup smokers’ Medicaid costs.
• 1994-07: Ex-tobacco lobbyist Victor Crawford makes first national appearance for tobacco control. Dying of cancer, Crawford is featured with ex-surgeon general C. Everett Koop in a Coalition on Smoking and Health radio spot which urges a $2 federal cigarette tax to help fund health care reform.
• 1994-08-17: LITIGATION: Minnesota and Blue Cross/Blue Shield sue tobacco companie for violating anti-trust laws by failing to disclose addictive qualities of tobacco..
• 1994-11: California: Prop. 188 is overwhelmingly defeated. The tobacco industry spent $18 M to pass a measure sponsored by “Californians for Statewide Smoking Restrictions” that would have pre-empted stronger local laws, along with the coming 1995 statewide ban on smoking in restaurants.
• 1994-12: SOUTH AFRICA: Health Minister Nkosazana Zumaout mandates health warnings on cigarette packs and advertising. • 1994-12: POLITICS: FDA gets letters from Congress. 124 members of the House sent a sharply worded letter to the FDA, claiming the agency’s tobacco proposal would put 10,000 jobs at risk and “trample First Amendment rights to advertise legal products to adults.” Two weeks later, 32 senators signed a virtually identical letter. (According to Common Cause, those senators who signed the letter had received an average of $31,368 from tobacco, compared to $11,819 for those senators who did not sign. Similarly, the House signatories received an average of $19,446, in contrast to $6,728 for other Congress members.)–Mother Jones, 4/96

• 1995: BUSINESS: MARKET SHARE BY COMPANY:
• 1. PM 43%
• 2. RJR 28%
• 3. Brown & Williamson 11%
• 5. American Tobacco Co. 7%

• 3. Lorillard 7%
• 3. Liggett & Myers 2%

• 1995: GOVERNMENT: Tobacco companies give the GOP $2.4 million in “soft” dollars. The top two soft money contributors to the GOP this year are Philip Morris ($975,149) and RJR Nabisco ($696,450). Tobacco industry PACs gave $841,120 to Republican members of Congress.
• 1995: LEGISLATION: Italy amends its 1975 smoking ban to include any places open to the public, such as post offices, banks and government offices.
• 1995: LEGISLATION: New York City passes Smoke-Free Air Act. Strengthens Clean Indoor Air Act (1988) by banning smoking in the dining areas of all restaurants with more than 35 seats. Limits smoking to the bar area of restaurants, with certain specifications, and to a maximum of 25 percent of a restaurant’s outdoor seats. Bans smoking in outdoor seating areas, such as in sports stadiums and recreational areas. Limits smoking in the workplace to a separately enclosed and ventilated room and to private offices as long as the door is kept closed and no more than three people are present, each of whom agrees to allow smoking. Prohibits smoking at all times in both indoor and outdoor areas of day-care centers. Exempts restaurants seating 35 people or less. Allows smoking in stand-alone bars. Allows smoking in sports arenas in separate smoking rooms, with some limitations.
• 1995: BUSINESS: Financial World ranks Marlboro the world’s No. 2 most valuable brand behind Coca-Cola (value: $38.7 billion). The brand also has 29% of the US market–the highest market share it has ever had.
• 1995: BUSINESS: Geoffrey C. Bible becomes chairman and CEO of Philip Morris Cos.
• 1995: BUSINESS: KGF is reorganized into one operating company with category-based divisions, and the name changes to Kraft Foods, Inc.
• 1995: BUSINESS: For the first time, revenues from Philip Morris’ international businesses ($32 billion) exceed those from North America ($31.4 billion).
• 1995: BUSINESS: Richemont buys out Rothmans International minority shareholders
• 1995: CANADA: LEGISLATION: The Supreme Court of Canada strikes down the federal ban on tobacco advertising. Tobacco companies launch an aggressive advertising campaign, using billboards, newspaper ads and event sponsorships. Ottawa releases A Blueprint to Protect the Health of Canadians, an outline of proposed legislation to reinstate the advertising ban, but no bill has yet been introduced in Parliament. (NCTH)
• 1995-01: BUSINESS: BAT completes purchase of American Tobacco Co. for $1 Billion.
• 1995-01: REGULATION: CALIFORNIA bans smoking in restaurants. Assembly Bill 13, the state’s smoke-free workplace law comes into effect.
• 1995-02-17: LITIGATION: CASTANO: US DIstrict Judge Okla B. Jones rules class action case may proceed.
• 1995-02-22: LITIGATION: Florida sues tobacco companies to recoup health care costs .
• 1995-03-19: CBS’ “60 Minutes” airs segment featuring ex-tobacco lobbyist Victor Crawford
• 1995-05: USA: First appearance of Tobacco BBS on the internet.
• 1995-05-26: BUSINESS: Philip Morris announces unprecedented recall of 8 billion cigarettes due to a suspected chemical contaminant.
• 1995-05-31: World No-Tobacco Day. Slogan: Tobacco costs more than you think
• 1995-06-09: BATF Searches 1500 Brown & Williamson Tower, B&W’s US HQ, investigating possible complicity in smuggling. • 1995-06-27: Philip Morris announces “Action Against Access,” a voluntary program aimed at preventing youth access to cigarettes. Philip Morris this year also instituted the”Ask first” and “Responsible Retailer Program”
• 1995-06-30: “Secret” B&W papers become available on Internet one day after the California Supreme Court rejects B&W’s attempts to suppress the information.
• 1995-07-12: AMA excoriates tobacco industry over “secret” B&W papers. AMA devotes entire July 19, 1995 issue of JAMA to a study of the papers, finds The evidence is unequivocal — the US public has been duped by the tobacco industry. No rightthinking individual can ignore the evidence. We should all be outraged, and we should force the removal of this scourge from our nation . . .
• 1995-07-13: FDA declares nicotine a drug
• 1995-07-21: US under-age smoking found rising.
• 1995-08-10: President Clinton declares nicotine an addictive drug; FDA sends President Clinton proposals for regulating the sale and marketing of tobacco products to minors
• 1995-08-10: LITIGATION: The 5 largest tobacco companies file suit in a North Carolina court challenging the FDA’s authority to regulate tobacco and advertising.. The advertising industry files in North Carolina within days. Smokeless tobacco manufacturers U.S. Tobacco Co. and Conwood Co file suit in Tennessee.
• 1995-08-21:LITIGATION: ABC apologizes to Philip Morris for “Day One” program, pays PM an estimated $16 million in legal fees.
• 1995-08-31: LITIGATION: $1.9 million awarded plaintiff Milton Horowitz in Kent Micronite filter case; only the 2nd time an award has been given in a liability case against a tobacco company. However, the suit concerned asbestos, not tobacco
• 1995-09-04: “Winston Man” Alan Landers, 54, joins anti-smoking movement.
• 1995-09: RJR’s faux-micro-smokery, Moonlight Tobacco Co., introduces its artsy brands to New York, Chicago and Seattle:
Politix, Sedona, Jumbos, North Star.
• 1995-10-12: “Marlboro Man” David McLean dies of lung cancer at 73 [Original “Marlboro Man” William Thourlby is still alive as of 5/2002, living in NYC.] • 1995-10-20: ART: Hans Haacke and 11 other artists hang their works with protests against their New York art show’s sponsor, Philip Morris
• 1995-11-09: The NY Times reports that CBS has killed broadcast of a 60 Minutes interview with a former tobacco executive (soon revealed as Jeffrey Wigand). That day, a CBS affiliate in Los Angeles, KCBS, killed an anti-tobacco ad that had been running for weeks. Meanwhile, CBS was in in the process of being sold to Westinghouse.
• 1995-11-14: The CRS Report Congressional Research Service releases “Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Lung Cancer Risk”, its official report assessing secondhand smoke dangers and the 1993 EPA report. While repeating industry arguments, authors Rowland and Redhead do not dispute the EPA’s conclusions, and emphasize the danger of ETS to children.
• 1995-11-29: Ex-B&W research executive Jeffrey Wigand testifies to federal and state prosecutors in Pascagoula, Miss. 1995-12-19: LITIGATION: Massachusettes sues tobacco companies for conspiring to “mislead, deceive and confuse” citizens on the hazardous effects of smoking.

• 1996: New Teen Smokers: 1.23 million
• 1996: BUSINESS: PMI takes a stake in Poland’s largest tobacco company, Zaklady Przemyslu Tytoniowego w Krakowie S.A., and in Brazil’s leading chocolate company, Industrias de Chocolate Lacta S.A.
• 1996: BUSINESS: Merger of Richemont’s tobacco interests with those of Rembrandt Group Limited
• 1996-01-08: SCOTUS: Supreme Court refuses to hear an ACLU challenge to the city of North Miami’s 1990 ban on hiring smokers. Lower insurance costs outweighed the privacy issue, the Florida Supreme Court had ruled in 1995. The argument was made that three members of the court — Chief Justice William Rehnquist and Justices Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas — could not be hired in North Miami because they smoke. (Kurtz vs. North Miami, No. 95-545)
• 1996-01-31: LITIGATION: Florida state appeals panel allows Engle suit to proceed, but limits case to Florida residents.
• 1996-02: TOBACCO CONTROL: National Center for Tobacco-Free Kids given $30 M launch. Will incorporate previous group, “Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids,” when it begins operation in June, 1996.
• 1996-02-04: CBS airs Wigand Interview on 60 Minutes. Wigand claims B&W Chief Sandefur lied when telling Waxman’s committed he believed nicotine was not addictive.

• 1996-02-05: POLITICS: Geoffrey Bible, CEO of Philip Morris Cos. Inc., chairs a dinner underwritten by Philip Morris for the Republican Governors Association, and speaks to the governors about tobacco’s benefits to the economy. The gala dinner pulls in an unprecedented $2.6 million.
• 1996-02-16: LITIGATION: : Gov. Kirk Fordice (R-Miss.) sues his own attorney general, Mike Moore, in order to block Moore’s “Medicaid” lawsuit.
• 1996-03-02: Victor Crawford, tobacco lobbyist-turned-tobacco-control-advocate, dies.
• 1996-03-09: USA: Tobacco BBS registers tobacco.org as its domain name.
• 1996-03-13: LITIGATION: Liggett Group makes dramatic break with industry, offers to settle Medicaid and addiction-based lawsuits. .
• 1996-03-15: LITIGATION: Liggett settles with 5 states over Medicaid lawsuits, agreeing to pay over $10 million in Medicaid bills for the treatment of smokers.
• 1996-03-18: FDA releases statements of 3 more tobacco industry insiders (Dr. Ian L. Uydess, Dr. William A. Farone and Jerome K. Rivers) who claim Philip Morris carefully controls nicotine levels in cigarettes. FDA reopens comment period.
• 1996-05: SCOTUS: 44 Liquormart v. Rhode Island. Supreme Court strikes down liquor advertising ban as violating First Amendment
• 1996-05: MEDIA: The May Vanity Fair contains a massive, 22-page article by Marie Brenner on the inside story of the
CBS/Wigand story. The issue contains no tobacco ads. Michael Mann will use this article to make the movie, “The Insider.” • 1996-05-15: BUSINESS: Philip Morris and United States Tobacco Co. offer their own plan to stop youth access, in order to avoid FDA control..
• 1996-05-20: MEDIA: The May 20, 1996 People Weekly carries 2 tobacco articles, a profile of Stanton Glantz, and an excerpt from Grisham’s The Runaway Jury. The issue contains no tobacco ads..
• 1996-05-23: LITIGATION: Castano case is de-certified by Appeals Court..
• 1996-05-31: World No-Tobacco Day. Slogan: Sports and arts without tobacco: Play it tobacco-free
• 1996-06: CDC adds prevalence of cigarette smoking as a nationally notifiable condition, bringing to 56 the number of diseases and conditions designated by Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) as reportable by states. This marks the first time a behavior, rather than a disease or illness, has been considered nationally reportable.(LB)
• 1996-07-19: LITIGATION: Massachusetts becomes the 10th state to sue tobacco companies..
• 1996-08-09: LITIGATION: FL: Brown & Williamson is ordered to pay the Grady Carters $750,000 in only the second financial judgement ever in a strictly-tobacco-oriented liability lawsuit. Carter Atty: Norwood S. Wilner
• 1996-08-23: LEGISLATION: President Clinton approves proposed FDA regulations, giving FDA authority to regulate cigarettes as a “drug delivery device.”.
• 1996-10-17: SCIENCE: Researchers disclose molecular link between a substance in tobacco tar and lung cancer: a benzo (a) pyrene derivative damages lung cancer-suppressor gene, p53, in the exact “hotspot” associated with lung cancer. Science magazine
• 1996-12: TRAVEL: St. Louis-based CLIPPER CRUISE LINE bans smoking anywhere on one of its cruise ships.

• 1997: STATISTICS: US: Forty-eight million Americans have quit in the 21 years since the first Smokeout in 1976; 48 million still smoke; about 34 million say they want to quit. Between 1965 and 1990, adult smoking declined from 42 percent to 25 percent. The average age of a first-time smoker is 13. More than 3 million American adolescents smoke cigarettes.
• 1997: CONSUMPTION: Americans spent an estimated $51.9 billion on tobacco products in 1997, or just under 1% of their disposable income. Of this amount, $48.7 billion (or 94%) was spent on cigarettes, $2.2 billion on smokeless and smoking tobacco, and $0.9 billion on cigars. (CRS)
• 1997: REGULATION: US Congress passes a bill prohibiting the Departments of State, Justice and Commerce from promoting the sale or export of tobacco. The bill restricts most of the US Trade Representative (USTR) activities in this area–unless the government determines tobacco companies are the victims of unfair trade practices.
• 1997: BUSINESS: PM U.S.A.’s market share tops 50 percent.
• 1997: BUSINESS: Philip Morris Cos. revenues reach $72 billion; operating companies income is $11.7 billion.
• 1997: BUSINESS: China is by far the largest producer of cigarettes in the world; the second largest producer is the United States. In 1997 China produced an estimated 1.7 trillion pieces, almost two and one half times the 720 billion pieces produced in the United States. The United States is by far the largest cigarette exporting nation in the world, with exports in 1997 estimated about 217 billion pieces, or 21% of the world total. China is the largest consumer market in the world, with over 300 million smokers consuming 1.7 trillion cigarettes in 1997. (CRS)
• 1997: BUSINESS: Targacept is established as a wholly owned subsidiary of R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company. It carries on work RJR has been doing in the 90s: designing, synthesizeing and testing nicotinic compounds for therapeutic uses.
• 1997-01: UK: FORMULA 1 SCANDAL: Formula 1 boss Bernie Ecclestone donates 1million to the Labour Party.
1997-03-20: Liggett Tobacco and 22 states settle lawsuits; Liggett admits smoking is addictive, can cause cancer, and the industry markets cigarettes to teenagers; agrees to turn over documents and to warn on every pack that smoking is addictive. • 1997-03-21: Liggett issues statement: “We at Liggett know and acknowledge that, as the Surgeon General and respected medical researchers have found, cigarette smoking causes health problems, including lung cancer, heart and vascular disease and emphysema. Liggett acknowledges that the tobacco industry markets to ‘youth,’ which means those under 18 years of age, and not just those 18-24 years of age.”
• 1997-04-18: Attorneys General confirm they are talking with PM and RJR about a Settlement
• 1997-04-25: LITIGATION: NC Federal judge WILLIAM OSTEEN rules FDA may regulate tobacco as a drug because nicotine is addictive; strikes down provisions to regulate advertising.
• 1997-05-01: Tobacco Cos offer a Settlement that would include FDA regulation, money for anti-smoking campaigns, and bans on vending machines and outdoor advertising.
• 1997-05-05: Tobacco wins Connor suit. 6-member jury in Raulerson vs. RJ Reynolds Tobacco, et.al. fails to find RJR guilty of negligence in the lung cancer death of smoker Jean Connor.
• 1997-05-19: UK: FORMULA 1 SCANDAL: Health Secretary Frank Dobson announces that Labour plans a complete ban on tobacco advertising and sponsorship in sport.
• 1997-05-28: Health advocates meet in Chicago to hear of SETTLEMENT Talks.
• 1997-05-28: ADVERTISING: FTC acuses Joe Camel ad campaign of illegally targeting underage youth.
• 1997-05-31: World No-Tobacco Day. Slogan: United for a tobacco-free world
• 1997-06-02: LITIGATION: NORMA BROIN’s airline attendants seconhand smoke trial begins jury selection in Miami.
• 1997-06-17: ADVERTISING: RJR Sues FTC over Joe Camel Complaint
• 1997-06-20: AGs, tobacco companies come to landmark settlement. Agreement provides for unprecedented restrictions on cigarettes and on tobacco makers’ liability in lawsuits. Industry to spend $360 billion over 25 years, mainly on anti-smoking campaigns, use bold health warning on packs, curb advertising and face fines if youth smoking drops insufficiently. Subject to congressional approval.
• 1997-07-03: LITIGATION: First State Settlement: Tobacco Cos Settle Mississippi Medicaid lawsuit for $3.6 Billion.
• 1997-07-09: RJR kills JOE CAMEL campaign, replaces Joe with darker, sexier “What You’re Looking For.”
• 1997-07-21: LITIGATION: BROIN: For the first time ever, a tobacco co. executive, LIGGETT CEO BENNETT LEBOW, testifies that cigarettes cause cancer.
• 1997-08-09: REGULATION: Clinton signs Executive Order 13058 mandating smokefree government workplaces. The order states that tobacco use is to be prohibited from all government-owned, rented or leased interior spaces or in exterior spaces near air intake ducts. The order also prohibits smoking in all recreational buildings and clubs aboard military installations. See https://osiris.cso.uiuc.edu/denix/Public/Legislation/EO/note63.html
• 1997-08-22: LITIGATION: In a video deposition, PM CEO Geoffrey Bible says smoking “might have” killed 100,000 people; RJR CEO Steven Goldstone links smoking with cancer the next day.
• 1997-08-25: LITIGATION: Tobacco Cos Settle Florida Medicaid lawsuit for $11.3 Billion.
• 1997-09-17: REGULATION: President Clinton refuses to endorse the proposed tobacco settlement, instead suggesting
Congress work on sweeping legislation that first and foremost reduces teen smoking; second, gives FDA control of nicotine; third, penalizes the industry if teen smoking doesn’t go down. “The tobacco bailout deal is dead,” said Minnesota AG Hubert
Humphrey III, “This gives us a new chance to move forward and do the right thing.”
• 1997-09: Former Asbestos company RAYMARK sues tobacco.
• 1997-10-10: Tobacco Industry Settles BROIN–First-ever Secondhand Smoke Trial–for $350 Million.
• 1997-10-16: UK: FORMULA 1 SCANDAL: Formula 1 chief Bernie Ecclestone, who previously had given Labour a one million pound donation, visits 10 Downing Street. The next day Tony Blair seeks an exemption for Formula One from the UK’s upcoming tobacco ban.
• 1997-10-17: BARNES Suit–First of the “Little Castano” suits–is thrown out by Pennsylvania judge; Gives impetus to national settlement movemement.
• 1997-10-23: Philip Morris Announces “Accord” Smoking System
• 1997-11-04: UK: FORMULA 1 SCANDAL: It is disclosed that Health Minister Tessa Jowell has written to the European Union asking for motor-racing to be exempted from a EU-wide ban on tobacco advertising in sport. The “U-Turn” becomes the Labour party’s first major scandal when it is found that Ms. Jowell’s husband had been a non-executive director for an F1 company, and that Labour received a $1.7 million donation from Bernie Ecclestone in January.
• 1997-11-07: UK: FORMULA 1 SCANDAL: Tony Blair and Gordon Brown discuss the Ecclestone affair and decide that Labour should write a letter to the Neill Committee on Standards in Public Life seeking advice on whether they should accept a second donation from the tycoon.
• 1997-11-10: UK: FORMULA 1 SCANDAL: In a live interview with BBC Radio 4’s Today programme, Brown denies any knowledge of the Ecclestone donation. Sir Patrick responds to Labour’s letter and says it would be sensible both to hand back the original 1million donation and not to accept the second gift.
• 1997-11-16: UK: FORMULA 1 SCANDAL: In a TV interview , Blair claims Labour had turned down second Ecclestone donation ‘before any journalist had been in touch’.
• 1997-12-05: EUROPE: European Union Health Ministers vote to phase out tobacco advertising.
• 1997-12-01: LIGGETT begins listing the Ingredients of its cigarettes on cartons, beginning with the 26 ingredients of its L&M brand.
• 1997-12-18: Rep. Tom Bliley (R-VA) posts 843 sensitive Liggett documents on House Commerce Committee website.
• 1997-12-20: AP reporter Todd Lewan breaks story of “fumo louco,” a high-nicotine variety of tobacco (Y-1) being developed by BAT in Brazil.
• 1997-12-30: LITIGATION: Lorillard Tobacco Co. pays over $1.5 million to the family of Milton Horowitz, the first time a U.S. cigarette maker has ever paid a smoking-related personal injury claim.
• 1997-12-31: LITIGATION: Asbestos fund Manville Personal Injury Settlement Trust announces that it has filed a lawsuit against 7 tobacco companies, asking they pay their “fair share.”
• 1997-12-31: LITIGATION: MINNESOTA Judge Fitzpatrick fines BROWN & WILLIAMSON $100,000 for failure to turn over American Tobacco Co. documents now held by Gallaher in Britain. This is the most severe court sanction against a tobacco company in decades.

1998: CONSUMPTION: 26.4% of men are smokers; 22% of women are smokers (SG Report, “Womena and Smoking” CDC,
2002 Preview)
• 1998: BUSINESS: Sara Lee sells its loose-tobacco business, (Amphora, Drum, etc.) to Britain’s Imperial Tobacco for $1.1
billion.
• 1998: LEGISLATION: CA: Willie Brown’s “napkin statute” — Code of Civil Procedure 1714.45–is amended to allow lawsuits against tobacco companies.
• 1998-01-01: REGULATION: CALIFORNIA becomes the first state in the nation to ban smoking in bars. AB-13, passed in 1994, finally comes into effect for bars.
• 1998-01-07: Justice Department files a criminal information against DNA Plant Technology Corp. of Oakland, CA accusing them of developing “Y-1” high-nicotine tobacco with an “unindicted coconspirator”
• 1998-01-14: SCIENCE: JAMA publishes major study that links both active and passive smoking with irreversible artery damage.
• 1998-01-14: LITIGATION: MANGINI Documents Released. RJR documents that appear to discuss targeting youths as young as 14 create a furor.
• 1998-01-16: LITIGATION: TEXAS settles its medicaid lawsuit for over $14 billion.
• 1998-03: PROPAGANDA: BAT leaks information to the London Telegraph on the 10-year, $2 million study by the International agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (an affiliate of WHO). BAT’s information was printed uncritically. The ET author writes that the study was buried because it found no risk. The study in fact found a 16% increase in risk in lung cancer for nonsmokers, a result consistent with earlier studies. Although the results were clear and comparable to those found by others, the number of people in the study was too small to reach statistical significance (at the 95 percent level). The findings were thus supportive of earlier studies showing that passive smoking increases cancer risk, but taken alone would not have been conclusive. However, the study was described by newspapers and the tobacco industry as demonstrating no increase in risk. . . Ong and Glantz analysed industry documents released in US litigation and interviewed IARC investigators. The Philip Morris tobacco company feared that the study (and a possible IARC monograph on second-hand smoke) would lead to increased restrictions in Europe, so they spearheaded a $2 million inter-industry, three-prong strategy to subvert IARC’s work. The scientific strategy attempted to undercut IARC’s research and to develop industry-directed research to counter the anticipated findings; the communications strategy planned to shape opinion by manipulating the media and the public; the government strategy sought to prevent increased smoking restrictions. For full links to items from IARC, ET, BAT secret docs, etc., see the ASH-UK Roundup
• 1998-01-26: LITIGATION: MINNESOTA: The massive Minnesota/Blue Cross-Blue Shield trial begins in Minneapolis.
• 1998-01-29: SETTLEMENT: Tobacco CEOs Appear Before the House Commerce Committee Laurence A. Tisch, Co-Chairman and Co-Chief Executive Officer, Loews Corporation, Geoffrey Bible, Chairman, Philip Morris Companies, Inc, Vincent A. Gierer Jr., Chief Executive Officer, UST, Inc., Steven F. Goldstone, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, RJR Nabisco and Nicholas G.
Brookes, Chairman, Brown & Williamson Tobacco Companies.
• 1998-04-08: SETTLEMENT: Tobacco Walks Away. “> RJR’s Steven Goldstone declares settlement negotiations “dead,” and vows to take tobacco’s case to the public. UST, PM, B&W follow.
• 1998-04-22: 39,000 super-secret documents are posted on the House Commerce committe web site

1998-04-27: 24th Report of the Surgeon General on Smoking and Health:Tobacco Use Among U.S. Racial/Ethnic Minority
Groups
• 1998-05-02: LITIGATION: NEW YORK: A New York State Judge places The TOBACCO INSTITUTE and the COUNCIL FOR TOBACCO RESEARCH under temporary receivership, in response to a state suit charging the organizations abused their taxexempt status under New York law, where they were incorporated, by acting as tobacco -funded “fronts” that serve “as propaganda arms of the industry.”
• 1998-05-07: LITIGATION: MINNESOTA: Tobacco Trial’s last day; 6 tobacco lawyers give closing arguments; Ciresi was due to argue the next day.
• 1998-05-08: LITIGATION: MINNESOTA: Tobacco makes $6.1B settlement with Minnesota and Blue Cross/Blue Shield. In addition to the monetary penalties, the state’s tobacco settlement results in the strongest ban in the nation against marketing cigarettes to children, disclosure of millions of pages of secret tobacco documents, closure of the tobacco research and propaganda arm (the Council for Tobacco Research) and bans on tobacco branded merchandise and secret payments for using cigarettes in movies.
• 1998-05-27: LITIGATION: WYNN: Alabama Circuit Judge William Wynn, files suit seeking to revoke the charters of the nation’s five major cigarette companies. Wynn called for the criminal enforcement of tobacco companies’ misdemeanors, and upon finding that the companies have broken the law, that the state should revoke the companies’ charters to do business in Alabama.
• 1998-05-31: World No-Tobacco Day. Slogan: Growing up without tobacco
• 1998-06-10: LITIGATION: WIDDICK Trial: Largest damages in tobacco litigation history are awarded. Jury finds for Widdick, orders B&W to pay almost $1 million. This is Norwood S. Wilner’s 2nd win against B&W.
• 1998-06-17: LEGISLATION: On a procedural vote, Republicans in the US Senate kill the McCain tobacco bill, meant to curb teen smoking.
• 1998-06-22: LITIGATION: CARTER OVERTURNED. Florida’s 1st District Court of Appeal votes 3-0 to overturn the Carter decision, ruling it had been filed a week too late.
• 1998-07-17: LITIGATION: Federal Judge overturns 1993 EPA secondhand smoke report; vacates six chapters and the appendices. Judge William L. Osteen of the Middle District of North Carolina rules that the EPA violated the Radon Act requirements, chiefly by not having a tobacco-industry representative on an advisory committee during the report process.
Here’s the decision
• 1998-08: TRAVEL: RENAISSANCE CRUISES claims the distinction of launching the world’s first smoke-free ship: the “R1,” in which only crew may smoke–in a room off limits to passengers. It tours the Mediterranean.
• 1998-08-13: LITIGATION: WIDDICK: A Florida appeals court rules that the Widdick trial was held in the wrong county.
• 1998-08-14: LITIGATION: 4th Circuit Court of Appeals overturns the 4/25/97 Osteen ruling, throws out FDA regulations.
Here’s the decision
• 1998-10-19: LITIGATION: BROWN v. PHILIP MORRIS, et. al. filed. The national civil rights class action lawsuit on behalf of African American smokers of mentholated cigarette brands was filed in Federal District Court in Philadelphia, PA.
• 1998-11-16: SETTLEMENT: An agreement is announced between state attorneys general and tobacco companies to settle lawsuits.
1998-11-23: AG SETTLEMENT: Attorneys General of 46 states and 5 territories sign agreement with tobacco companies to settle lawsuits. Here is the Smokeless Tobacco Settlement Agreement (STMSA): http://ussmokelesstobacco.com/content.cfm?id=6 . Here is the STMSA from the AG’s site:
http://www.naag.org/redirect.php?ID=22392
• 1998-12-8: MASTER SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT between the industry and AGs. The MSA and its amendments are listed here:
http://www.naag.org/issues/tobacco/index.php?sdpid=919
• 1998-12-18: AGRICULTURE: Flue-cured tobacco gets an 18 percent quota cut, shocking industry analysts.

• 1999: BUSINESS: MARKET SHARE: The big 3–PM, BAT and JT–hold about 40 per cent of a total world market that experts estimate to be around 5.34 trillion
• Philip Morris: 16.5 per cent of the world market share
• British American Tobacco: 15 per cent.
• Japan Tobacco: about 8.1 per cent.
• 1999: CONSUMPTION:
• China annual cigarette volume: around 1.6 trillion cigarettes
• US: around 415 billion sticks.
• Japan: 327 billion
• Russia: 257 billion
• Germany: 140 billion
• India: just under 100 billion.
• Brazil: 97 billion
• 1999: CONSUMPTION: About 10 million Americans smoke cigars.
• 1999: BUSINESS: Philip Morris Cos. revenues top $78 billion; operating companies income is $15.2 billion.
• 1999: BUSINESS: Philip Morris Companies Inc. launches its corporate online presence at philipmorris.com.
• 1999: BUSINESS: Merger of Rothmans International with British American Tobacco – Richemont holds 23.3% effective interest in the enlarged British American Tobacco.
• 1999: BUSINESS: Brown & Williamson is the first tobacco company to appoint an executive in charge of corporate and youth responsibility, a program designed to aggressively pursue ways of discouraging youth smoking.
• 1999: North Carolina creates the Golden LEAF Foundation (Long-term Economic Advancement Foundation). It receives one half of the money coming to North Carolina from the tobacco master settlement agreement. Its mission: to improve the economic and social conditions of North Carolina’s people, to promote the social welfare of North Carolinians “and to receive and distribute funds for economic impact assistance.”
• 1999: UK: LITIGATION A group action on behalf of 50 lung cancer sufferers is dismissed; judge rules that most of the claims were launched too long after the original diagnoses of the disease.
• 1999-01: LITIGATION: BOLIVIA files suit against the tobacco industry in a Texas court.
1999-01: SETTLEMENTS: “Phase II” farmer payments established. The four largest U.S. cigarette-makers agree to establish a $5.15 billion trust fund to help compensate farmers and allotment holders for the expected drop in production resulting from the AG nationwide settlement
• 1999-01-21: AGRICULTURE: 4 major tobacco companies agree to set up a $5.15 billion trust fund for growers.
• 1999-01-27: LITIGATION: VENEZUELA files suit against the tobacco industry in a Miami court.
• 1999-02-04: AGRICULTURE: Tobacco companies agree to give growers $5.15 billion to compensate them for lost income because of the AG settlement.
• 1999-02-07: UK: Britain’s royal family orders the removal of its seal of approval from Gallaher’s Benson and Hedges cigarettes. The company is given till the year 2000 to remove the royal crest.
• 1999-02-09: LITIGATION: HENLEY V. PHILIP MORRIS: Patricia Henley wins $1.5 million from Philip Morris for medical costs, pain and suffering. This is the first California case to come to trial since the repeal of the “napkin deal.”
• 1999-02-10: LITIGATION: HENLEY V. PHILIP MORRIS: Patricia Henley wins $51.5 million in punitive damages.
• 1999-03-09: BUSINESS: RJ Reynolds announces that it will sell its international tobacco unit to Japan Tobacco for $8 billion and split its US tobacco and food businesses.
• 1999-03-30: LITIGATION: JOANN WILLIAMS-BRANCH V. PHILIP MORRIS: Oregon jury returns $81 Million verdict against PM, giving Jesse Williams’ family about $800,000 in compensatory damages and $79.5 million punitive damages. The award is later cut to $32M, then reinstated in June, 2002.
• 1999-04-26: SCOTUS: The Supreme Court agrees to decide whether to give the Food and Drug Administration jurisdiction over tobacco. The Court agrees to hear a Clinton administration appeal.
• 1999-05: WHO launches Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. World Health Organization member countries unanimously back a resolution calling for an international attempt to regulate tobacco use; a record-breaking 50 nations of 191 pledg financial and political support. WCTC is due to come into effect in 2003.
• 1999-05: BUSINESS: RJR Nabisco sells its international tobacco arm to Japan Tobacco for $7.8 billion; Japan Tobacco is not the world’s third-largest tobacco group.
• 1999-05-10: LITIGATION: KARNEY VS. Philip Morris, et.al.: A jury in Memphis, TN, finds for the defense in a trial that consolidated the suits of 3 plaintiffs: Bobby Newcomb, James W. Karney and Florence Bruch (McDaniel). Jurors found RJR 30% responsible for Newcomb’s lung cancer, and B&W 20% responsible, but Tennessee law requires damages only if a company is found more than 50% responsible.
• 1999-05-13: LITIGATION: STEELE VS. BROWN & WILLIAMSON: A federal jury in Kansas City, Mo., finds the company was not at fault in the case of Charles Steele, a smoker who died of lung cancer in 1995.
• 1999-05-23: ENTERTAINMENT: RUPERT MURDOCH’s Fox Network runs “Independence Day,” the world’s most expensive cigar commercial–and popular kid favorite–in prime time. Fox also produced the film (cigar product placement by Feature This).
• 1999-05-27: BUSINESS: PHILIP MORRIS board member Rupert Murdoch’s Fox Entertainment Group announces that it will launch a new Web-cable property called The Health Network.
• 1999-05-31: World No-Tobacco Day. Slogan: Leave the pack behind
1999-06-15: BUSINESS: RJR NABISCO Split is completed. The stock of R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Holdings Inc. begins trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “RJR.” R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. becomes a wholly-owned subsidiary of RJRHC.
• 1999-06: LITIGATION: 4th Circuit Court of Appeals hears appeal of Osteen EPA decision.
• 1999-06: LITIGATION: Oregon Appellate Court sends Jesse Williams case back to the original court and orders the jury to reenter the original award. Philip Morris says it will appeal to the Oregon Supreme Court.
• 1999-07-07: LITIGATION: ENGLE jurors rule that smoking causes diseases such as lung cancer and that U.S. cigarette makers hid the dangers of their products from the public.
• 1999-09-22: LITIGATION: DOJ: US Justice Department sues the tobacco industry to recover billions of government dollars spent on smoking-related health care, accusing cigarette-makers of a “coordinated campaign of fraud and deceit.”
• 1999-10: WHO’s first Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Working Group meets.
• 1999-10-06: BUSINESS: Tabacalera and Seita announce plans to join forces. The new combined company will be known as Altadis.
• 1999-10-13: BUSINESS: Philip Morris acknowledges scientific consensus on smoking. “There is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer, heart disease, emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers,” its website, http://www.philipmorris.com, states. “there is no safe cigarette . . . cigarette smoking is addictive, as that term is most commonly used today.”
• 1999-10-20: LITIGATION: ENGLE: 3rd District Court of Appeal clears the way for a lump-sum, punitive damage decision in the Penalty Phase.
• 1999-11: BUSINESS: Philip Morris begins $100 Million ad campaign touting its charitable contributions.
• 1999-11-12: LOBBYING: New York Lobbying Commission hits Philip Morris with the largest fine in commission history, $75,000; forbids PM’s chief Albany representative Sharon Portnoy from lobbying in New York state for three years.
• 1999-12-01: SCOTUS: Supreme Court hears FDA arguments.
• 1999-12-07: REGULATION: Defense Secretary William Cohen issues a policy letter granting a three-year grace period for all Morale, Welfare and Recreational facilities to comply with new no-smoking rules.
• 1999-12-08: LITIGATION: FRANCE: SEITA is found partly responsible for the death of smoker Richard Gourlain. This is the first time a tobacco company has been held responsible in a health liability case in France.
• 1999-12-10: BUSINESS: Altadis shares begin trading on Paris and Madrid exchanges.
• 1999-12-22: LITIGATION: CANADA: Canada sues 3 manufacturers over smuggling issues in a NY court (Attorney General of Canada v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Holdings Inc.).
• 2000: BUSINESS: MARKET SHARE:
World’s largest tobacco companies:
1. China National Tobacco Company 31% [China has 385 million smokers] 2. Philip Morris 17%
3. British American Tobacco (BAT) 13%
4. RJR Reynolds 6%
5. Rothmans International 4%
• 2000: BUSINESS: US MARKET SHARE:

Philip Morris Inc.: 50 percent
R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. : 24 percent.
Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp.:13 percent
Lorillard Tobacco Co.: 10 percent
Liggett Group Inc.: 1 percent
Source: “Defendants in Fla. Smokers’ Trial” AP, Jul 14, 2000

• 2000: BUSINESS: US MARKET SHARE: Top Brands:

1. Marlboro, Philip Morris, 35.4
2. Doral, R.J. Reynolds, 6.3
3. Newport, Lorillard, 6.2
4. Camel, R.J. Reynolds, 5.3
5. Winston, R.J. Reynolds, 5.2
6. Basic, Philip Morris, 4.9
7. GPC, Brown & Williamson, 4.7
8. Kool, Brown & Williamson, 3.3
9. Salem, R.J. Reynolds, 3.2
10. Virginia Slims, Philip Morris, 2.6
Source: R.J. Reynolds, January 2000

• 2000: CONSUMPTION: US has a per capita smoking rate of 1,551 cigarettes, down from the high of 2,905 cigarettes in 1976. (The Tax Burden on Tobacco, Historical Compilation Volume 35, 2000)
• 2000: CONSUMPTION: 29.7% of high school senior girls report having smoked within the last 30 days. 32.8% of high school senior boys report having smoked within the last 30 days.(U. of Mich, 2000)
• 2000: Reducing Tobacco Use: A Report of the Surgeon General
• 2000: JAPAN: Emperor Arkihito ends the tradition (begun by Hirohito in 1964) of giving out cigarettes to his staff on his birthday.
• 2000: BUSINESS: Richemont reduces its effective interest in British American Tobacco to 21 per cent through partial disposal of holding of preference shares.
• 2000-01-19: CANADA: Health Minister Unveils Gruesome Labels. Images of cancerous lungs, diseased mouths, and droopy cigarettes imitating limp penises are among a series of 16 new visual warnings that will have to cover half of each cigarette pack sold in Canada under regulatory reforms unveiled on Jan 19 by Health Minister Allan Rock.
• 2000-02: American Legacy Foundation launches “truth” campaign led by teens.
• 2000-02-16: Farmers sue tobacco companies in a $69 billion lawsuit seeking to recover damages they say were caused by the industry’s settlement with the U.S. government.
2000-02-08: Wholesalers and distributors file suit against major tobacco companies, accusing them of collusion/price fixing because they raised cigarette prices “by the exact amount” during 1997 and 1998.
• 2000-02-21: CANADA: B.C. Supreme Court rules province’s lawsuit against tobacco companies is unconstitutional
• 2000-03-02: REGULATION: Philip Morris VP Steven Parrish calls for government regulation of tobacco. At a CASA conference, Parrish shared the podium and discussion with Dr. David Kessler, and said that nicotine is an addictive drug and that the Food and Drug Administration should regulate tobacco, PM said it still opposes FDA regulation of nicotine as a drug.
• 2000-03-20: LITIGATION: Whiteley Jurors find against Tobacco
California Superior Court jury finds that the Philip Morris and RJ Reynolds acted with malice, knew about the health hazards of smoking and deliberately misled the public about those dangers. It also found that the two companies committed fraud.

• 2000-03-21: SCOTUS: US Supreme Court Rules 5-4 against FDA Regulation of Tobacco
“No matter how important, conspicuous, and controversial the issue, and regardless of how likely the public is to hold the Executive Branch politically accountable, an administrative agency’s power to regulate in the public interest must always be grounded in a valid grant of authority from Congress. ”
• 2000-03-27: LITIGATION: Whiteley jury orders Philip Morris and R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. to pay $1.7 Million in compensatory and $20 million in punitive damages.
• 2000-03-29: LITIGATION: Federal jury rules UST violated antitrust laws; U.S. Tobacco Co ordered to pay $1.05 billion to Conwood. The Kentucky jury awarded $350 million in damages to Conwood; U.S. District Judge Thomas Russell trebled that amount pursuant to federal law. Conwood charged that UST had engaged in anti-competitive business practices in trying to control point-of-sale advertising, including vandalizing and removing Conwood in-store display racks. After a monthlong trial, the jury deliberated for almost four hours on Tuesday before setting damages at $350 million against Greenwich, Conn.-based U.S. Tobacco. Under federal antitrust laws, the damages were automatically tripled.
• 2000-04-07: LITIGATION: Engle Jury Awards 3 Smokers $12.7 Million in damages; punitives yet to be decided.
• 2000-04-20: BUSINESS: RJR Markets “Eclipse” cigarette as healthier alternative.
• 2000-05-31: World No-Tobacco

• 2000-06-04: US Department of Transportation bans smoking on all US international flights. Day Slogan: Tobacco kills – Don’t be duped
• 2000-06-25: BUSINESS: Philip Morris Cos. agrees to acquire Nabisco Holdings Corp. for $18.9 billion.
• 2000-07-14: LITIGATION: Engle Jury Awards Florida Smokers Punitive Damages of $145 Billion–the biggest judgment in U.S. history.
• 2000-08-20: SPORTS: CANADA: Last Du Maurier Open women’s tennis tournament is held.
2000-08-27: LITIGATION: Russia Sues Tobacco in Miami-Dade County court, Florida, charging Philip Morris and other tobacco companies with causing suffering to Russian smokers, hiding the risks of cigarettes, and damaging Russia’s economy. • 2000-08: BUSINESS: RJR spins out Targacept. A world leader in neuronal nicotinic receptor (NNR) research and development, Targacept is dedicated to the design, discovery and development of a new class of drugs that will treat Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, ulcerative colitis and others.
• 2000-09-18: UK: FORMULA 1 SCANDAL: Journalist Andrew Rawnsley, in newspaper exerpts from his book, Servants Of The People, alleges that Chancellor Gordon Brown and PM Tony Blair lied in television interviews about details of Labour’s 1m donation from Bernie Ecclestone.
• 2000-09-29: REGULATION: South Africa’s Tobacco Products Control Amendment Act comes into effect, strictly regulating smoking and advertising.
• 2000-10-12: LITIGATION: JONES: A Florida jury decides that the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. was responsible for the death of Robert Jones’ wife Suzanne M. Jones, and awards compensatory damages totaling $200,028.57 for negligence on the part of RJR and a defective cigarette design.
• 2000-10-15: LITIGATION: BAT, Santa Fe natural sue to block NY law banning out-of-state cigarette sales directly to consumers.
• 2000-11: LITIGATION: NORWAY: Lifelong smoker Robert Lund loses case against Tiedemanns Tobaksfabrikk A/S.
• 2000-11-03: LITIGATION: European Union files suit in New York against RJR, Philip Morris on RICO/smuggling claims.
• 2000-11-04: LITIGATION: ENGLE: U.S. District Judge Ursula Ungaro-Benages rules that the Engle case belongs in state, not federal court.
• 2000-11-05: LITIGATION: Lorillard, Liggett reach a tentative $8 Billion Settlement of individual tobacco suits, brokered by NY Judge Weinstein.
• 2000-11-06: LITIGATION: ENGLE: Judge Kaye affirms $145 Billion award against tobacco companies.
• 2000-11-14: LITIGATION: Judge stays New York ban on direct sales of cigarettes to consumers via internet or mail order. Judge Loretta A. Preska writes that Brown & Williamson is “likely to be able to prove that the statute discriminates against interstate commerce” and, therefore, violates the U.S. Constitution’s Commerce Clause allowing interstate commerce. The law was to take effect 11/14; Preska schedules a hearing to consider whether she should impose a longer-lasting injunction.
• 2000-12-03: BUSINESS: London Times reports that BAT has agreed to give Nottingham University 3.8m pounds to set up an
“International Centre for Corporate Social Responsibility.”
• 2000-12-11: BUSINESS: Philip Morris Cos. completes its $18.9 billion acquisition of Nabisco Holdings Corp., creating the world’s second-biggest food maker behind Switzerland’s Nestle SA. Also, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Holdings Inc. completes its purchase of Nabisco Group Holdings Corp., which held an 80.5 percent stake in Nabisco Holdings.

• 2001: BUSINESS: US MARKET SHARE: Top Brands:

1. Marlboro, Philip Morris, 52.4% (Source: Philip Morris 1Q, April, 2001)
• 2001: BUSINESS: TOP TOBACCO EXPORTERS Country / %Share of world tobacco exports
• Brazil 17%
• US 10%
• Zimbabwe 9%
• China 6%
• India 5.6%
• 2001-01-01: CANADA: Canada mandates large, graphic cigarette pack labels.
• 2001-01: CANADA: Imperial begins distributing three lifestyle magazines: Real Edge, for men, The Art of Living Simple, for women, and Pursuit, an arts mag.
• 2001: SMOKEFREE LEGISLATION: MN: Cloquet, Moose Lake and Duluth ban smoking in restaurants.
• 2001-01-08: IL: Susan Miles et al v Philip Morris Inc. is certified as a class action lawsuit in Madison County.
• 2001-01-11: Women and Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General (2001)
• 2001-01-11: BUSINESS: B&W re-launches Pall Mall nationally as the New Filtered PALL MALL
• 2001-01-19: George Bush is inaugurated as United States President. His cabinet nominees include WI Gov. Tommy Thompson for Secretary of Health and Human Services, John Ashcroft as Attorney General, and Gale Norton as Secretary of the Interior • 2001-01-22: LITIGATION: WV: Blankenship “medical monitoring” trial is declared a mistrial when witness Farone inadvertently references the verboten subject: addiction. Ohio County Circuit Judge Arthur Recht had said a few days earlier, “I guarantee I’m smarter now than I was a month ago. As the case goes on you get a clearer picture, and it is clear now:
Addiction is, I believe, a necessary element in this case — the inability to quit.”
• 2001-01-24: LITIGATION: 3 Countries Sue Tobacco Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan file in Florida
• 2001-02-22: “Clearing the Smoke: Assessing the Science Base for Tobacco Harm Reduction, ” a new report from the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the National Academies, is released.
Products developed to lessen the risk of disease by reducing exposure to toxic chemicals are scientifically feasible, but in the absence of rigorous research, no one knows if these products decrease the incidence of tobacco-related disease or actually increase it by encouraging smoking. The report outlines how tried-and-true public health tools — research, surveillance, communication, and regulation — should be used to ensure that the availability of these products confers less risk to the individual and to the population as a whole compared with conventional tobacco products. It recommends a regulatory strategy to assure that these products reduce risk of disease
• 2001-03-08: LITIGATION: Grady Carter collects $1.1 million from Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp. The payment, covering a 1996 jury award of $750,000 plus interest, represents the first time an individual collected payment from the tobacco industry for a tobacco-related illness.
• 2001-04-05: LITIGATION: FL: Miami jury finds cigarette manufacturers not liable for the lung diseases of former TWA flight attendant Marie Fontana. This was the first individual case (out of about 3200 filed) after the Broin settlement.
2001-04-16: LITIGATION: FL: Florida state court judge rules that he would dismiss the lawsuit brought by Ecuador against US manufacturers.
• 2001-05-01: Australian barmaid wins AU$450G from employer in ETS case. In NSW Supreme Court, Mrs. Marlene Sharp sued the Port Kembla RSL for negligence claiming her cancer was caused by years of breathing other people’s smoke while working at the club between 1984 and 1995. The four-man jury took about four hours to decide the club had been negligent.
• 2001-05-16: LITIGATION: NJ: jury finds Philip Morris and RJ Reynolds not liable in the Mehlman personal lawsuit (Mehlman v. Philip Morris, et. al.)
• 2001-05-18: CHINA: BAT and China Tobacco Corporation enter into joint venture resulting in the Sino-British Cigarette Sales Co.
• 2001-05-22: LITIGATION: US Court of Appeals for the DC Circuit throws out Service Employees International Union Health and Welfare Fund, Guatemala, Nicauragua and Ukraine suits.
• 2001-05-31: RELIGION: LEBANON: Senior Shiite Muslim cleric Grand Ayatollah Mohammed Hussein Fadlallah issues a religious edict (fatwa) ordering his followers to stop smoking. ”A smoker is committing two crimes, one against himself and the other against the one inhaling next to him,” he tells AP.
• 2001-06-04: LITIGATION: NY: Empire Blue Cross Blue Shield wins up to $17.8 Million for deceptive business practices regarding smoking and asbestos exposure from Philip Morris, RJR, Lorillard and Liggett.
• 2001-06-05: LITIGATION: CANADA: Ex-cigarette salesman Joe Battaglia loses his $6,000 case against Imperial Tobacco
• 2001-06-01: REGULATION: CANADA: Toronto’s strict indoor smoking law goes into effect. Bars will be added August 1.
• 2001-06-06: LITIGATION: CA: Jury awards Richard Boeken $3 Billion in suit against Philip Morris in Los Angeles. Amount is later reduced to $100 Million.
• 2001-06-07: LITIGATION: Federal judge throws out NY State law banning internet or mail order cigarette sales directly to consumers. Judge Loretta A. Preska of the U.S. District Court in Manhattan, says in a 77-page opinion that the state law “discriminates” and is “protectionist,” and “constitutionally impermissible” because it favors local tobacco retailers over outof-state competitors. (B&W v. Pataki)
• 2001-06-13: BUSINESS: Philip Morris sells off 16% of Kraft. The Kraft Foods (KFT) IPO begins trading at $31, and ends the day at $31.25, raising $8.68 billion in the nation’s second-largest initial public offering ever. Philip Morris keeps 275 million Class A shares and all 1.18 billion of the Class B shares in Kraft, thus retaining almost 98% of voting rights in Kraft. For many analysts, the “tobacco taint” remains.
• 2001-06-19: LITIGATION: Dept. of Justice assembles a team to negotiate a settlement over its racketeering lawsuit.
• 2001-06-22: BUSINESS: Gallaher acquires Austria Tabak..
• 2001-06-28: SCOTUS: US Supreme Court bars Mass. ad restrictions.
• 2001-06-29: SCOTUS: CARTER: US Supreme Court denies B&W petition; $750,000 award stands. B&W pays Carter $1.1 M
• 2001-06-29: LITIGATION: FALISE: Manville Trust drops asbestos lawsuit.
• 2001-07-16: CZECH REPUBLIC: News reports reveal that Philip Morris released to the government a PM-commissioned Arthur D. Little report which concluded that smokers save the state money–by dying early. While the Czech media yawns, other international media provide heavy coverage and extremely negative commentary.
2001-07-24: Philip Morris CEO Geoffrey Bible writes a letter to US Senator Diane Feinstein.apologizing for the Arthur D. Little report.
• 2001-07-25: Steven C. Parrish, a senior vice president, apologizes for the Arthur D. Little report, saying in a Wall St. Journal interview, “We understand that this was not only a terrible mistake, but that it was wrong. . . To say it’s totally inappropriate is an understatement.”
• 2001-07-26: Philip Morris publicly apologizes for the Arthur D. Little report. The statment reads, “For one of our tobacco companies to commission this study was not just a terrible mistake, it was wrong. All of us at Philip Morris, no matter where we work, are extremely sorry for this. No one benefits from the very real, serious and significant diseases caused by smoking. We understand the outrage that has been expressed and we sincerely regret this extraordinarily unfortunate incident. We will continue our efforts to do the right thing in all our businesses, acknowledging mistakes when we make them and learning from them as we go forward.”
• 2001-08-08: BAT breaks into South Korean market; announces plans to invest $1bn in South Korean cigarette operations, beginning with a new $80M factory, BAT becomes the first foreign company to break KTG’s monopoly.
• 2001-08-09: LITIGATION: Judge reduces Boeken award from $3B to $100M, denies Philip Morris a new trial.
The jury plainly, and with substantial evidentiary support, found Philip Morris’s conduct reprehensible. The record fully supports findings that Philip Morris knew by the late 1950s and early 1960s that the nicotine in cigarettes is highly addictive, that substances in cigarette tar cause lung cancer, and that no substantial medical or scientific doubt existed on these crucial facts. Nevertheless, motivated primarily by a professed desire to generate wealth, Philip Morris, in concert with other major American tobacco companies, consistently endeavored through calculated misrepresentations to create doubts in the minds of snickers , especially addicted smokers such as Richard Boeken, that cigarettes are neither addictive nor disease-producing. . . Philip Morris’s doubt-creating scheme fully succeeded in the case of Mr. Boeken and others . . . The evidence further indicates that Philip Morris monitored the relative market share of its Marlboro brand – the brand smoked by Boeken from his teens – to insure it maintained dominance among underage smokers to whom cigarettes could not be sold legally. . . Citing the Public Health Cigarette Act of 1969, 15 U.S.C. 1331 et seq:, Philip Morris argues that Congress has determined “that it is not reprehensible … to market and advertise cigarettes with the warning prescribed in that statute.” Philip Morris is not being punished for marketing cigarettes, but rather for engaging in a fraudulent business scheme initiated long before passage of the Act. . . Philip Morris’s conduct was in fact reprehensible in every sense of the word, both legal and moral. — Charles W. McCoy, Jr.
• 2001-08-11: SETTLEMENT: National Conf. of State Legislators report finds only 5% of state tobacco settlement monies go to tobacco control. NCSL’s PR Release is titled: “Health Programs Benefit from Tobacco Money” (36% went to health services and long-term care).
• 2001-08-22: UK: The Guardian publishes new smuggling allegations against BAT, backed up by documents from whistleblower Alex Solagnier,; Conservative Party leadership candidate and BAT spokesman Kenneth Clarke is attacked. • 2001-08-24: BAT breaks into Vietnam market. BAT announces that it has been granted a license for a $40 million joint venture with Vintaba to build a processing plant in Vietnam
2001-09-11: International Tobacco Products Marketing Standards Agreement is signed JT, BAT and Philip Morris agree that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products should be “directed at smokers and not at youth,” and should be “consistent with the principle of informed adult choice.” The agreement will go into effect in Dec., 2002.
• 2001-10-16: US Court of Appeals (First Circuit) reinstates a Massachusetts law that requires tobacco companies to disclose the ingredients in their products.
• 2001-10-19: LITIGATION: NY Judge Weinstein refuses to throw out the jury’s verdict in the Blue Cross/Blue Shield case.
• 2001-11-05: BUSINESS: Brown & Williamson begins test-marketing Advance, its “reduced risk” cigarette, in Indianapolis, using the slogan, ‘All of the taste, less of the toxins.’
• 2001-11-05: BUSINESS: Vector heralds Omni, its “reduced risk” cigarette, with an ad in Monday’s People Magazine, with the tagline, “Reduced carcinogens. Premium taste.”
• 2001-11-01: CANADA raises tobacco taxes by C$1.50; some provinces increase their own taxes on top of the federal increase.
• 2001-11-02: INDIA’s Supreme Court rules that smoking in public spaces must be banned country-wide.
• 2001-11-15: BUSINESS: Philip Morris proposes changing its corporate name to Altria, which would consist of Miller Beer, Kraft Foods, and the two cigarette branches, Philip Morris USA and Philip Morris International.
• 2001-11-26: LITIGATION: Philip Morris files appeal of Engle verdicts.
• 2001-11-29: Beatle George Harrison dies of lung cancer. He had been battling various forms of the disease for at least three years: In 1998, he underwent radiation therapy for throat cancer, which he attributed to years of smoking. In their December l0th issues, both Time and Newsweek extensively covered Harrison’s death, but neither magazine mentioned smoking. Both magazines carry tobacco ads.
• 2001-12-11: BUSINESS: RJ Reynolds Tobacco Holdings Inc. buys Santa Fe Natural Tobacco Co. for $340M in cash. Santa Fe makes Natural American Spirit cigarettes, which contain no additives.
• 2001-12-13: BUSINESS: RJ Reynolds Tobacco Holdings Inc. signs merger deal with Santa Fe Natural Tobacco Co.

• 2002: MARKET SHARE: RJRT’s total market share for 2002 is 22.93%.
• 2002: SMOKEFREE LEGISLATION: MN: Olmstead County bans smoking in restaurants.
• 2002: SMOKEFREE LEGISLATION: South Dakota bans smoking in restaurants. Exempts bars and restaurants licensed to sell
liquor.
• 2002-01-01: Oregon’s Smokefree Workplace law goes into effect. It requires almost all employers to ensure their workplaces are smokefree and display “No Smoking” signs. Exceptions include bars and taverns, bingo parlors, tobacco stores, bowling alleys and hotel and motel rooms designated as smoking rooms.
• 2002-01-08: LEGISLATION: President Bush signs into law the Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act. In a section titled the “Pro-Children Act of 2001,” the new law bans smoking within any indoor facility owned or leased or contracted for and utilized for routine or regular kindergarten, elementary, or secondary education or library services to children. See:
http://www.ed.gov/offices/OESE/esea/
2002-01-16: BUSINESS: RJR Completes acquisition of Santa Fe Natural Tobacco Co.
• 2002-02-22: LITIGATION: Burton wins suit in Kansas. RJR and B&W are found guilty of failing to warn about the risks of smoking before warning labels appeared in the 1960s. Jurors found that David Burton’s peripheral vascular disease (PVD), which caused him to lose both his legs, was caused by smoking. They ordered R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. to pay $196,416 in compensatory damages and Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp. to pay $1,984 for Burton’s medical bills and economic losses. Reynolds also was found liable for punitive damages for fraudulently concealing the risks and addictiveness of smoking, according to the unanimous verdict. This is the first time the industry has lost 1) in the MidWest; 2) in a federal court (except for Cipollone, which was overturned on appeal); 3) in connection with PVD.
• 2002-02-19: NY: LITIGATION: EU Suit against RJR, Philip Morris is dismissed. Judge rules the US Revenue Rule precludes tax recovery, but suggests EU may file on money-laundering violations.
• 2002-02-21: REGULATION: President Bush signs into law the Shays/Meehan-McCain Feingold Campaing Finance Reform bill.
• 2002-03-22: LITIGATION: Oregon Jury finds for Marlene Schwartz; finds Philip Morris lied on “light” cigarettes, orders company to Pay $150 M. Award will be cut to $100 M in May.
• 2002-03-22: LITIGATION: AUSTRALIA: Victoria Supreme Court Justice Geoffrey Eames enters default judgement for McCabe, finding British American Tobacco Australia Services Ltd.’s 1998 destruction of 30,000 documents –plus an untold number since 1985–deprived her of a fair trial. The 133-page decision was sealed until a jury decides on damages. Decision is now at: http://www.tobacco.org/Documents/020322mccabe.html
• 2002-04-11: LITIGATION: AUSTRALIA Melbourne Jury awards McCabe $AU700,000; Eames’ 3/22 decision is made public.
• 2002-04-11: SOUTH KOREA: The National Cancer Center (NCC) officially confirms that smoking causes lung cancer.
• 2002-04-11: CDC estimates smoking health and productivity costs reach $150 billion a year, according to a new study published in this week’s WMMR. CDC estimated the total cost of smoking at $3,391 a year for every smoker, and even itemized the per-pack health/productivity costs at $7.18/pack. Further, it estimated the smoking-related medical costs at $3.45 per pack, and job productivity lost because of premature death from smoking at $3.73 per pack.
• 2002-05: LITIGATION: Los Angeles Superior Court Judge Conrad Aragon fines RJR $14.8 Million for illegally handing out free cigarettes at events like street fairs and car races where children are present.
• 2002-05: U.S. appeals court affirms a lower court’s decision and orders UST to pay a $1.05 billion award for illegally monopolizing the market for moist snuff.
• 2002-05-31: World No-Tobacco Day. Slogan: “Tobacco-Free Sports: Play it Clean.”
• 2002-06-05: LITIGATION: Oregon Court of Appeals reinstates $80B Williams award. “[D]efendant’s narrow focus on the ratio between punitive and compensatory damages ignores the underlying purpose for awarding punitive damages, which is to punish and deter a wrongdoer. The reprehensibility of the defendant’s actions, the number of people affected or potentially affected, and indications that the defendant will not change its actions without punishment are all relevant factors. It is also clear that the defendant’s wealth is an important consideration; an award that might be a serious punishment for one defendant could be only a minor inconvenience for another.”
2002-06-06: LITIGATION: California judge fines RJR $20 million for violating the 1998 tobacco settlement by targeting youths in a magazine advertising campaign. The campaign appeared in a number of youth-oriented magazines such as Rolling Stone, Sports Illustrated, etc. “RJR saw itself losing market share, especially to Philip Morris, and believed it had to be more aggressive than the other tobacco companies in its advertising so as not to lose any more market share even though the likely effect of these efforts was to cause significant exposure to youth . . It was, or should have been apparent to the skillful and bright people who managed RJR’s multimillion-dollar, sophisticated print advertising campaign that youth were exposed to tobacco advertising at levels substantially similar to targeted adult smokers.” San Diego County Superior Court Judge Ronald Prager wrote in his opinion.
• 2002-06-17: CANADA: Canadian federal government and provinces hike cigarette taxes. Prices near 1994 levels.
• 2002-06-18: LITIGATION: Florida jury rules for French in Broin spinoff; nation’s first award over secondhand smoke. In a Broin spinoff case, the jury in Circuit Court in Miami found for Lynn French, a flight attendant who claimed her chronic sinusitis was the result of exposure to secondhand smoke while working on flights in the 1970s and 80s, and awarded her $5.5M in damages. 2 previous Broin cases were not successful.
• 2002-06-23: TOBACCO CONTROL: FRANCE: French health officials air ad warning about the ingredients in a “dangerous product.” Half a million people call the hotline to learn what the product is: cigarettes.
• 2002-07-01: HI: Honolulu smoking ban goes into effect, prohibiting smoking in all workplaces, restaurants and bars within restaurants.
• 2002-07-02: FDA Forbids sale of Quick Test 5’s “Nico Water,” ruling the product is a quit-smoking drug, not a dietary supplement.
• 2002-08-02: NBA drops Lorillard as a sponsor of its youth “Hoop-It-Up” tournament. Lorillard was promoting its “Tobacco is Whacko if You’re a Teen” program.
• 2002-08-05: LITIGATION: California Supreme Court rules on legislators’ “Napkin Deal” intentions, allows 10-year window of immunity: Smokers can’t sue over industry conduct between 1988 and 1998, unless they claim additives to cigarettes increased the danger. (Myers v. Philip Morris Cos. Inc – http://www.tobacco.neu.edu/PR/supportdocs/myers_decision.htm.,
Naegele v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. – http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/opinions/documents/S090420.PDF)
• 2002-08-07: Exxon-Mobile signs agreement with Attorneys General to better prevent sales of tobacco to youth.
• 2002-08-28: Philip Morris names Chief Executive Louis Camilleri as chairman to replace Geoffrey C. Bible, who will retire Aug.
31, after reaching mandatory retirement age.
• 2002-08-28: Ohio Supreme Court rules 6-1 that local health boards lack authority to restrict smoking in public places, invalidating smoking bans in a dozen counties. “We refuse to extend by mere implication the authority of local boards of health beyond clearly stated and well-defined limits,” wrote Justice Andrew Douglas for the majority.
• 2002-09-10: LITIGATION: LUXEMBOURG: EU judge rejects tobacco challenge to new regulations on the manufacture and marketing of cigarettes. In response to a BAT/Imperial challenge, Advocate General Leendert Geelhoed, Advocate General of the European Court of Justice, rules that EU authorities were within their rights to set new limits on the levels of tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide in cigarettes sold or produced in the EU. He also backed new laws banning the use of terms such as

‘light’ and ‘mild’ and more graphic health warnings on all packets. The ruling is at:
http://www.curia.eu.int/en/cp/aff/cp0270en.htm
• 2002-09-19: LITIGATION: NY: Nation of smokers certified as a class. Eastern District of New York Judge Jack B. Weinstein certifies a nationwide class action lawsuit against the tobacco industry in the case known as Simon II. The ruling is at:
http://www.tobacco.neu.edu/Extra/hotdocs/simon_cert.htm
• 2002-09-23: LITIGATION: NY, CA: Philip Morris Announces Suits against Internet Cigarette Vendors. Philip Morris says it has filed 8 suits against 12 vendors over trademark violations in their advertising and web names, sales of illegally imported cigarettes, and lack of proper verification procedures to prevent sales to minors.
• 2002-09-26: LITIGATION: CA: Philip Morris Loses Bullock Case. Jury awards Bullock $850,000. Michael Puize wins 2nd case (after Boeken).
• 2002-09-23: LITIGATION: NY, CA: NY Judge throws out CA settlement fees for Castano consortium. Judge Figueroa rules settlement panel overstepped its authority under the MSA’s arbitration clause in award to Ellis lawyers.
• 2002-09-26: LITIGATION: CA: Jury Orders Philip Morris to pay Bullock $28 Billion in punitive damages, the largest payment to a single plaintiff in history. (Bullock v. Philip Morris Inc., Cal. Super. Ct., No. BC 249171)
• 2002-10: JAPAN: Chiyoda Ward bans smoking on parts of its streets.
• 2002-10-07: NY: Nassau County becomes the first county in New York state to ban smoking in virtually all bars and restaurants. Only cigar shops are exempted. Law goes into effect March 1, 2003.
• 2002-10-09: NY: Dutchess County smoking ban passes into law; toughest smoking ban in NY will take effect Jan. 1, 2003. County Executive William Steinhaus allows the law to become effective by not vetoing it, but calls the legislation flawed and unenforceable.
• 2002-10-10: NY: New York City holds first hearing on indoor smoking ban that would include all bars and restaurants. Mayor Bloomberg opens the testimony with a plea to pass the bill. See http://www.nyc.gov/html/om/html/2002b/testimony101002.html
• 2002-10-09: NY: LITIGATION: UST Settles McMullin suit.
• 2002-10-22: UK: Parliament passes tobacco advertising ban.
• 2002-10-29: UK raises the allowance for personal use of cigarettes brought into the country by four times, from 800 to 3,200 ciggies a person
• 2002-10-30: EUROPE: European Union files money-laundering/smuggling suit against RJR in Brooklyn, NY charging that “[RJR officials] at the highest corporate level [made it] part of their operating business plan to sell cigarettes to and through criminal organizations and to accept criminal proceeds in payments for cigarettes by secret and surreptitious means.”
• 2002-11-04: CANADA/NY: US Supreme Court refuses to hear Canada’s appeal of RJR smuggling suit. The action lets stand the ruling by the U.S. Second Circuit Court of Appeals which affirmed a June 2000 ruling by the U.S. District Court for the
Northern District of New York to dismiss the Canadian smuggling suit, which was originally filed in 1999. (Attorney General of Canada v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Holdings Inc.)
• 2002-11-06: AUSTRALIA: BAT introduces a smokefree workplace. Smokers may indulge in ventilated smoking lounges.
• 2002-11-07: UK: TOBACCO CONTROL: UK Bans tobacco advertising. The Tobacco Advertising and Promotion Act receives Royal Assent on November 7, 2002, after passing through the House of Commons. Provisions will be implemented in 3 stages.
On Feb. 14, 2003, new tobacco sponsorship agreements, advertising on billboards and in the press and free distributions will be banned. The ban also covers direct mail, internet advertising and new promotions. On May 14, In-pack promotions and direct marketing will be banned On July 30, obacco sponsorship of UK events will be banned. “Exceptional global events”, such as the sponsorship of Formula One, may continue until July 31, 2005.
• 2002-11-08: Philip Morris is fined for breaching Australian tobacco advertising laws. A Sydney local court orders Philip Morris and Wavesnet, to pay a total of $53,200 in fines and court costs for advertising at a fashion event in December 2000. Both companies had pleaded guilty. “Philip Morris developed the event as a means of advertising its product amongst young women so as to increase cigarette consumption amongst that group,” Magistrate John Andrews said in his judgment.
• 2002-11-08: THAILAND: Country-wide indoor smoking ban goes into effect.
• 2002-11-09: PHILIPPINES: Davao City’s smoking ban (City Ordinance 043-02 or the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance of Davao City) goes into effect, outlawing smoking on city streets and inside public utility vehicles, accommodation establishments such as hotels and restaurants, public places and other areas outside of one’s private residence.
• 2002-11-09: AUSTRALIA: Philip Morris introduces a smokefree workplace. Smokers may indulge in ventilated smoking lounges. Employees offered a cash stipend instead of weekly cigarette supplies.
• 2002-11-27: Delaware’s statewide smoking ban goes into effect. The amended Clean Indoor Air Act prohibits lighting up in almost all indoor public places, including bars, casinos and bowling alleys.
• 2002-12-02: EU Bans Tobacco Advertising. Health ministers approve a new law banning tobacco ads in print media. • 2002-12-06: AUSTRALIA: LITIGATION: McCabe judgement reversed. See http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/vic/VSCA/2002/197.html
• 2002-12-07: REGULATION: A ban on smoking becomes effective throughout the US Military, in accordance with Pres. Clinton’s 1997 executive order banning smoking in all federal facilities, and after Defense Secretary Cohen’s 3-year grace period for all Morale, Welfare and Recreational facilities.Barracks and housing remain exempt.
• 2002-12-10: LITIGATION: European Court of Justice (ECJ) upholds labeling rules, turns down BAT and Imperial challenge to large, graphic health warnings; allows use of “light” and “mild” terms on exports. EP directive to come into force Sept. 2003.
See, http://curia.eu.int/en/cp/aff/cp0299en.htm
• 2002-12-10: LITIGATION: Appeals Court Reverses Osteen decision, throws out industry’s EPA Challenge.Judge H. Emory
Widener Jr., writing for the three-judge panel of the 4th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals (Judge Diana Gribbon Motz and Judge Malcolm J. Howard), says, “We do not think that Congress intended to create private rights of actions to challenge the inevitable objectionable impresions created whenever controversial research by a federal agency is published. Such policy statements are properly challenged through the political process and not the courts.”
• 2002-12-11: REGULATION: Boston bans indoor smoking. The Public Health Commission votes unanimously to adopt a measure that would eliminate smoking everywhere — including bars and nightclubs. The only exceptions are private homes or hotel rooms. The ban is effective May 5, 2003.
• 2002-12-12: LITIGATION: Federal appeals court upholds $1.4 million verdict against Olympic Airways in secondhand smoke death, the largest individual secondhand smoke award in the US.California Superior Court for Alameda County had previously determined that an Olympic employee’s failure to move Dr. Abid Hanson to a new seat was an accident and proximately caused his death from an asthma attack. The final judgement was entered Nov. 28, 2000. (Husain v. Olympic Airways, 00-17509). http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/ca9/newopinions.nsf/F596B0DD92262F0588256C8D00575BDF/$file/0017509.pdf?openelemen
t
• 2002-12-13: CANADA: LITIGATION: Tobacco companies’ challenge to Canada’s advertising regulations begins in Quebec Superior Court.
• 2002-12-13: CANADA: LITIGATION: Quebec’s Superior Court upholds Canada’s tobacco advertising regulations.
http://www.jugements.qc.ca/tabac-en.doc
• 2002-12-18: LITIGATION: California judge slashes Bullock award from $28 Billion to $28 Million.
• 2002-12-18: REGULATION: New York City council passes near-total indoor smoking ban outlawing smoking in virtually all workplaces, including bars, nightclubs and restaurants.
• 2002-12-18: LITIGATION: New Hampshire Supreme Court allows individual smoker to escape Medicaid fees because of MSA. • 2002-12-24: LITIGATION: Oregon Supreme Court upholds $79.5 million jury award to family of Jesse Williams. Court declines to review the June, 2002, appeals court judgement that reinstated the jury award after the original trial judge cut Philip Morris’ payment to $32 million.
• 2002-12-30: REGULATION: New York City Mayor Mike Bloomberg signs clean air bill; bars smoking in almost all indoor space.
Will go into effect March 31, 2003.
• 2002-12-31: LITIGATION: Tobacco wins Conley suit. Federal judge directs a verdict in favor of RJR and Philip Morris. Judge Saundra Armstrong of the Northern District of California rules that plaintiffs (Elaine Conley, Weldon White and Dorothy White) had not produced sufficient evidence to support their claims and that a jury could not reasonably return a verdict against tobacco companies in the 1999 death of 81-year-old Frank White.
• 2003-01: IRELAND: Minister of Health Martin announces complete workplace smoking ban, including pubs.
• 2003-01-01: REGULATION: CANADA: Nova Scotia’s Smoke-Free Places Act goes into effect banning smoking in public places; bars and restaurants must exhibit plans to build separately-ventilated smoking rooms, if they want to allow smoking.
• 2003-01-01: REGULATION: CANADA: Saskatchewan’s Tobacco Control Act goes into effect; requires at least 40 per cent of seating capacity in all establishments be designated non-smoking.
• 2003-01-01: REGULATION: Netherlands tobacco control bill goes into effect. Bans sales of cigarettes to under-16s, restricts tobacco advertising and promotions.
• 2003-01-01: SCIENCE: U.K. Biobank due to begin; study organizers plan to assemble a database of medical information about 500,000 Britons, including their DNA. The goal, over the next 10 to 20 years, is to sort out the way that genes and the environment combine to cause common diseases.
• 2003-01-01: LITIGATION: Janoff defeat overturned. Dade County, Florida, Circuit Court Judge Leslie B. Rothenberg grants Suzette Ahrendt Janoff lawyers’ motion for a new trial in a Broin case that had been decided in Sept. 2002. Judge Rothenberg concluded that counsel for the tobacco defendants had misled the Court concerning Florida law on the use of authoritative texts, thereby introducing evidence to bolster the opinions rendered by their medical experts. The class action lawsuit of Susan
Miles et al v Philip Morris Inc. was certified in Madison County Feb. 8, 2001, and the
• 2003-01-07: FL: The Florida Clean Air Act, overwhelmingly passed by Florida voters in the fall of 2002 as an amendment, becomes part of the Florida Constitution. It prohibits smoking in virtually all indoor public areas, including restaurants, some bars, bowling alleys and workplaces.

2003-01-21: IL: Susan Miles et al v Philip Morris Inc. trial begins. This case, which led to an epic battle over the multi-billion bond against Philip Morris, became known as the “Price” lawsuit.
• 2003-01-22: REGULATION: TX: Dallas City Council passes a sweeping smoking ban. The ordinance, which will go into effect March 1, bans smoking in restaurants, hotels, city-owned facilities, private clubs with eating establishments, bowling alleys, bingo parlors and bars that open into hotels and restaurants.
• 2003-01-22: REGULATION: WALES National Assembly voted four to one to ban smoking in all public places, the first country in the UK to consider such a step.
• 2003-01-27: BUSINESS: Philip Morris Companies stock begins trading as Altria Group, Inc. Philip Morris USA, Philip Morris International and Kraft Foods Inc. will keep their names. Altria is derived from the Latin word “altus” and reflecting a desire to “reach higher,” Altria will keep the ticker symbol MO.
• 2003-01-27: BUSINESS: Vector Group Ltd. announces that Quest, its low-nicotine cigarette, is available in 7 states. Quest 1, the low nicotine variety, contains 0.6 milligrams of nicotine. Quest 2, the extra-low nicotine variety, contains 0.3 milligrams of nicotine. Quest 3, the nicotine-free variety, contains only trace levels of nicotine – no more than 0.05 milligrams of nicotine per cigarette. Quest cigarettes utilize a proprietary process that enables the production of nicotine-free tobacco that tastes and smokes like tobacco in conventional cigarettes.
• 2003-01-26: LITIGATION: PA: Philip Morris wins Carter case. State court jury in Philadelphia finds that Katie Carter knew about the health effects of cigarettes and chose to smoke anyway, and would not have quit smoking, even knowing all the
risks.
• 2003-01-27: REGULATION: NY: Suffolk County legislature approves bar and restaurant smoking ban which will take effect in 2006.
• 2003-01-30: LITIGATION: DE: Lorillard wins right to sue American Legacy Foundation. Delaware Chancery Court Judge
Stephen P. Lamb rejects ALF’s countersuit arguments that it can’t be sued because it wasn’t a party to the Master Settlement
Agreement. Lorillard is suing under the “vilification” clause of the Master Settlement Agreement; the case centers on ALF’s
“dog-walk” urine ads. http://www.tobacco.org/resources/documents/030130alfvlorillard.pdf
• 2003-01-30: Irish Health Minister announces complete ban on smoking in all workplaces, to take effect Jan. 1, 2004. The announcement by Minister for Health, Mr Martin and the Minister for Labour Affairs, Mr Frank Fahey follows the release of a report by the the Office of Tobacco Control on the ill-effects on health of passive smoking in the workplace..
• 2003-02-07: FL: Tobacco wins Allen/Broin airline secondhand-smoke suit.
• 2003-02-07: CA: Philip Morris and RJR win Lucier suit.
• 2003-02-14: LITIGATION: Appeals Court Decides New York may ban out-of-state sales direct to consumers via direct mail or the internet.The 2nd U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals reversed a June, 2001 federal court ruling that had thrown out the law (Section 1399-11, signed on Aug. 16, 2000), in a suit brought by B&W and Santa Fe Natural. The law, “neither impedes nor obstructs the flow of cigarettes in interstate commerce,” Senior Judge Roger J. Miner said.
• 2003-02-14: UK: Tobacco advertising comes to an end. The first stage of the Tobacco Advertising and Promotion Act 2002 officially begins at one minute past midnight; banning new tobacco sponsorship agreements, advertising on billboards and in the press and free distributions. The ban also covers direct mail, internet advertising and new promotions.
• 2003-02-17-28: WHO’s Sixtth Framework Convention on Tobacco Control session meets in Geneva, finalizing a landmark treaty to stem tobacco use and related disease worldwide. It is scheduled to be formally adopted in May, 2003. 2003-03-01: TX: SMOKEFREE POLICIES: Dallas’ smoking ban goes into effect, forbidding smoking in restaurants, bingo halls, hotel meeting rooms and bars that derive less than 25% of their incomes from food.
• 2003-03-18: LITIGATION: NY Times reveals that the US Department of Justice is demanding $289 billion in disgorged profits from tobacco companies for their half-century of “fraudulent and dangerous market practices. The DOJ has filed over 1400 pages of court documents, including many “secret” documents from the industry’s files.
• 2003-03-18: National LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) Health Awareness Week kicks off, focusing on smoking and the tobacco industry’s marketing to the LGBT community.
• 2003-03-22: IL: Judge orders Philip Morris to pay $10.1 billion in damages for misleading smokers into believing that low-tar cigarettes are safer than regular brands. Susan Miles et al v Philip Morris Inc. See:
http://www.tobacco.org/resources/documents/030321milesvmo.html
The Court finds that the term ‘Lights’ not only conveyed a message of reduced harm and safety, but also conveyed to Class members that the ‘Lights’ cigarette product was lower in tar and nicotine. . . . Philip Morris’ strategy was to create doubt about the negative health implications of smoking without actually denying these allegations. . . . The evidence at trial establishes that Philip Morris continued this disinformation campaign through the mid-1990s. . . Philip Morris’ motive was evil and the acts showed a reckless disregard for the consumers’ rights. — Illinois Circuit Court Judge Nicholas Byron.
• 2003-03-25: BUSINESS: Ratings agencies downgrade MO, MSA bonds. Because of Philip Morris’ $12 Billion bond in the Price case, Moody’s reduces the credit rating for Altria, the parent of Philip Morris. The next day, Standard & Poor’s places all its ratings on all tobacco settlement revenue securitization and tobacco litigation settlement securitization transactions on CreditWatch with negative implications. These actions spark a sell-off in tobacco bonds. Over the next few days, MO stock falls to 52-week low.
• 2003-03-26: New York state passes near-total statewide smoking ban. The NY state Senate passes an Assemblye-approved bill amending the Clean Indoor Air Act of 1989. Hours later, Gov. Pataki signs it. It bans smoking in all bars, restaurants, and clubs like the VFW and Elks. Exempt are cigar bars already registered in NYC, Indian casinos, personal residences and cars, and clubs staffed by volunteers. The bill will supercede some of New York City’s exemptions, most notably those involving ventilation systems. NYC’s law goes into effect April 1; NY State’s law goes into effect in 120 days, ie, July 24.
• 2003-04: SARS Scare. The SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Disease) epidemic in Asia spurs rumors, akin to conventional wisdom during Europe’s plague years, that smoking prevents the disease. The rumors have surface in China, Singapore and the Philippines.
• 2003-04-01: RJR, Lorillard file suit against California’s “vilifying” ad campaign. Filing in federal court in Sacramento, the companies allege that the Prop 99-funded ads are a misuse of taxpayer money, poison the juror pool, violate the companies’ constitutional rights of free speech and make it impossible “to get a fair trial in the state of California.” The companies seek a halt to ads inteded to “vilify” the industry.
• 2003-04-01: NY: SMOKEFREE POLICIES: New York City’s smoking ban goes into effect, forbidding smoking in all restaurants and bars, except for a few cigar lounges.
• 2003-04-13: NY: SMOKEFREE POLICIES: Bouncer is fatally stabbed enforcing NYC smoking ban. Dana Blake, 32, is stabbed in fracas that erupts when he tells Chinese mob boss’ son, Jonathan Chan, to stop smoking in nightclub “Guernica.”
2003-04-19: CANADA: Halifax, NS, smoking ban goes into effect. The bylaw bans smoking in restaurants, bingo halls and taxis, and limits smoking areas in bars, casinos and private clubs to separately ventilated rooms covering no more than 25 per cent of the drinking area. Bars are given 3 months to build the rooms.
• 2003-05-05: MA: SMOKEFREE LEGISLATION: Boston’s smoking ban goes into effect, eliminating smoking in all workplaces, including all bars and restaurants. Some cigar lounges are exempted.
• 2003-05-05: SOUTH KOREA: TOBACCO CONTROL: Chosun Ilbo newspaper bans images of people smoking from its pages.
• 2003-05-14: UK: TOBACCO CONTROL: 2nd phase of the Tobacco Advertising and Promotions Act 2002 takes effect, banning in-pack promotion schemes, including ‘money-off’ coupons contained within cigarette packs, and direct marketing contracts set up after October 1999. Such contracts involve tobacco companies writing to people to promote their products. This direct mailing will be banned unless a member of the public specifically requested inclusion on such a distribution list before October 8, 1999.
• 2003-05-17: British Medical Journal publishes tobacco-funded secondhand smoke study, creates uproar.
• 2003-05-17: Canadian tobacco control advocate Barb Tarbox dies of lung cancer at 42. The former model’s talks to teens brought many to tears.
• 2003-05-21: TOBACCO CONTROL: WHO’s Framework Convention on Tobacco Control is approved by all 192 nations at WHO’s annual World Health Assembly in Geneva, Switzerland.
• 2003-05-21: LAWSUITS: Florida Appeals Court overturns Engle verdict, disbands class.
• 2003-05-23: ARKANSAS: LAWSUITS: BOERNER v. B&W: A federal jury awards the family of Mary Jane Boerner $19 Million-$5 Million in compensatory and 14 Million in punitive damages.
• 2003-05-23: CONNECTICUT: CT bans smoking in workplaces, bars and restaurants.. Gov. John G. Rowland signed into law a bill that bans smoking in establishments with more than five employees. The restaurant ban takes effect Oct. 1, 2003; the bar/tavern ban begins April 1, 2004.
• 2003-05-23: COLORADO: Pueblo, CO, goes smokefree. Pueblo’s smoking ban went goes into effect after the results of a special election were made official.Voters in the 4/20/03 election approved the revised ordinance 59-41 percent. Smoking is now prohibited in almost all businesses and other indoor areas open to the public, including bars and restaurants.
• 2003-06-01: CANADA: SMOKEFREE POLICIES: Prince Edward Island goes smokefree, except in DSRs. PEI’s Smoke-free
Places Act comes into effect, forbidding smoking in all workplaces, including bars and restaurants, except in Designated Smoking Rooms (DSRs). Food and beverage service will not be available in DSRs.
• 2003-06-01: Egypt Air goes 100% Smoke-free
• 2003-06-05: TX: Austin city council passes smoking ban.
• 2003-06-06: OK: Gov. signs Oklahoma’s state-wide smokefree air legislation into law. It bans smoking in restaurants where less than 60% of the revenues are derived from alcohol sales and where no one under 21 is allowed. It allows separate smoking rooms. The law is to take effect March 1, 2006.
• 2003-06-16: AL: Alabama passes statewide restrictions on smoking, the last state in the US to do so. It allows employers to decide if they want to have a smoking policy in their private businesses and factories, but also allows local communities to enact stricter policies.
• 2003-06-18: NY: New York begins enforcing ban on internet cigarette sales, after a series of court challenges. It prohibits private carriers from delivering mail order cigarettes.
2003-06-19: BUSINESS: NASCAR drops RJR sponsorship. Nextel signs 10-year, $700 million agreement, ending RJR’s 32-year Winston Cup sponsorship. What had been known as Winston Cup racing since 1971, will be known as Nextel Cup, starting in 2004.
• 2003-06-23: PHILIPPINES: President Arroyo signs landmark Tobacco Regulation Act into law. Republic Act 9211, the 2003 Tobacco Regulation Act designates all public places as non-smoking areas. It regulates the packaging, use, sale, distribution and promotion of tobacco products in the country–the first law in the world that complies with WHO FCTC requirements. It allows separate smoking spaces; Philip Morris Philippines Manufacturing Inc. (PMPMI) will assist the inter-agency committee (IAC) that will draft the implementing rules and regulations (IRR).
• 2003-06-23: FL: Gov. Bush signs statewide smokefree air legislation implementing voter-approved constitutional amendment.
• 2003-06-24: ME: Maine bans smoking in bars, the fifth state to do so. Gov. John Baldacci signs legislation that bans smoking in lounges and taverns, pool halls and certain off-track betting sites.
• 2003-07-01: 6 US States raise cigarette taxes, including Delware and Georgia. 30 states have raised cigarette taxes since
Jan. 1, 2002. By the end of July, cigarette tax increases will have gone into effect in eight states — Delaware, Georgia, Hawaii, New Jersey, New Mexico, Rhode Island, Vermont and Wyoming. On June 30, New Jersey raised its tax by 55 cents to $2.05 per pack, the highest in the nation. This will bring to 30, along with the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico, the number of states that have increased cigarette taxes since January 2002.
• 2003-07-01: CANADA: Winnipeg smoking ban goes into effect. Effective July 1, 2003, The City of Winnipeg Smoking Regulation By-law No. 88/2003 bans smoking in all enclosed public places including bars, restaurants, lounges, beverage rooms and cabarets, private clubs , taxi cabs, rooms rented for private social functions.
• 2003-07-01: CANADA: Edmonton restaurant smoking ban goes into effect. Bars, bingos and casinos must go smokefree in 2005.
• 2003-07-01: NJ: State tax rises 55 cents/pack, bringing NJ’s total cigarette tax to $2.05/pack, making it the highest in the nation–the first to break the $2 barrier.
• 2003-07-01: KY: Lexington, KY, bans smoking. The Urban County Council votes 11-3 to ban smoking in almost all public places, including bars, reestaurants, bowling alleys and pool halls. The ban in the heart of tobacco county will take effect Sept.
29, 2003.
• 2003-07-02: AR: US District Judge James Moody nullifies the $15 Million punitive damages award in the Boerner case, because B&W had only bought American Tobacco Co., which had made the Lucky Strike and Pall Mall brands Mary Jane Boerner had smoked.He upholds the $4.25 Million compensatory award.
• 2003-07-03: NM: Albuquerque, NM, smoking ban goes into effect. Smoking is banned in restaurants. Bars in restaurants have a year to either prohibit smoking, or enclose the area in a separately-ventilated section.
• 2003-07-03: UK: England’s chief medical officer, Sir Liam Donaldson, says smoking should be banned in all public places to reduce the threat of illness caused by secondhand smoke.
• 2003-07-03: Rhode Island: State troopers move to confiscate the inventory of the Narragansett tribe’s 2-day-old smoke shop; a melee breaks out. 7 Narragansetts are arrested.Lawsuits ensue.
• 2003-07-29: Toledo, OH, smoking ban passed by City Council.
• 2003-07-29: BAT releases “Social Report 2002-03”
2003-07-31: CA: Philip Morris wins Reller lawsuit.
• 2003-08-01: CANADA: Halifax, NS, implements full smoking ban; bars are required to have separately-ventilated smoking rooms.
• 2003-08-11: UK: Casino worker Michael Dunn, who blamed his asthma on secondhand smoke, wins about £50,000 in an outof-court settlement with Napoleon’s Casino. This is thought to be the first such payout in the leisure/entertainment industry. • 2003-08-24: Toledo, Ohio smoking ban goes into effect. It bans smoking in bars and restaurants but allows for seperatelyventilated smoking lounges.
• 2003-08-26: 26 Attorneys General write president of the Motion Pictures Association of America (MPAA), urging him to help reduce smoking in the movies.
• 2003-08-26: LITIGATION: FL: RJR Pays $196,000 to the estate of Floyd Kenyon, the 2nd time an individual has collected payment from the tobacco industry for a tobacco-related illness.
• 2003-09-01: Oklahoma’s statewide workplace smoking ban goes into effect. Businesses may create separately-ventilated smoking rooms. Bars are exempt. Restaurants have until March 1, 2006, to either go smoke-free or build fully enclosed, separately ventilated rooms for smokers.
• 2003-09-01: Alabama Clean Indoor Air Act goes into effect, prohibiting smoking in hospitals, schools, most retail businesses, buses and taxis; bars, restaurants and most workplaces are exempt, but localities are not preempted from passing stronger laws. Wyoming is the only state without a statewide smokefree regulation.
• 2003-09-23: Florida appeals court refuses to rehear Engle case.
• 2003-09-23: CA: Appeals court slashes Henley award. California’s First District Court of Appeals cuts the $25 million Henly award to $9 million, citing the Supreme Court’s April ruling on the relationship of punitive to compensatory damages.
• 2003-10: RJR announces serious cutacks. The company says it will cut 2600 jobs, drop marketing for Winston and Doral, and concentrate marketing efforts on its Camel and Salem brands.
• 2003-10-01: European Union ban on the branding of cigarettes as “light” or “mild” takes effect. Health warnings must cover 30% of the front, and 40% of the back of cigarette packs.
• 2003-10-01: Connecticut bar/restaurant smoking ban takes effect. Cafe’s are allowed
• 2003-10-01: Wal-Mart reaches agreement with attorneys general to tighten controls against cigarette sales to youth.
• 2003-10-01: Federal judge approves farmers’ class-action settlement. About 500,000 tobacco growers had charged that tobacco companies conspired to rig bids at auctions. Philip Morris, B&W, Lorillard, Universal, Dimon and Standard agree to buy more than 400 million pounds of tobacco over the next 10 years and to pay farmers $200 million in cash. RJR did not participate in the settlement; its case will be heard in April, 2004.
• 2003-10-02: LA Times breaks story that Philip Morris settled a lawsuit over a fire in May.
• 2003-10-09: MD: Montgomery County smoking ban – the strictest in Maryland – goes into effect, after four years of political maneuvering and court battles.
• 2003-10-27: RJR and BAT announce plans to merge B&W and RJR
• 2003-11-21: Solana Beach, CA, ban on beach smoking goes into effect. The measure was finalized on Oct. 21. Other localities with beach smoking bans include Honolulu, HI, Carmel, NY, Sharon, MA, and Belmar, NJ. In 1992, Solana Beach was the first city in California to ban smoking in restaurants.
2003-12-03: NEW ZEALAND Parliament bans smoking. The Smokefree Environments Amendment Bill bans smoking in schools, bars and other workplaces.
• 2003-12-03: WASHINGTON: The Tacoma-Pierce County Health Department passes a smoking ban in all indoor spaces including restaurants and bars, thus setting up a challenge to Washington’s 1985 preemptive “Clean Indoor Air Act.”
• 2003-12-10: NEW ZEALAND: Governor-General Dame Silvia Cartwright signs the Smokefree Environments Amendment Act. It will come into force Dec. 10, 2004.
• 2003-12-10: FL: Jury in Hall lawsuit decides for RJR and B&W.
• 2003-12-10: IL: LITIGATION: Philip Morris files appeal of Price/Miles lawsuit with Illinois Supreme Court.
• 2003-12-15: SWITZERLAND: “Rylander Affair” finally ends; tobacco control advocates acquitted of libel charges against industry mole. After a series of court cases, the criminal division of the Swiss Court of Justice of Geneva acquits M. Diethelm and Dr Rielle and awards costs against Professor Ragnar Rylander.
• 2003-12-16: GEORGIA: Guinnett Commissioners OK restaurant/workplace smoking ban; it will take effect April 1, 2004.
• 2003-12-29: RHODE ISLAND: Judge OKs Smoke Shop raid. U.S. District Court Judge William E. Smith rules that the state was correct to stop the sale of tax-free cigarettes at a Narragansett Indian tribe’s smoke shop. Because the cigarette tax falls on the consumer, the Narragansetts, in selling cigarettes, are merely an agent for collecting the tax, he rules, and therefore the state did not violate federal law or the tribe’s sovereign rights when it executed a search warrant and made arrests on tribal land. Citing the 1978 Settlement Act, Smith wrote that the act makes clear that tribal lands are subject to the “criminal laws and jurisdiction” of the state.
• 2003-12-31: Florida appeals court de-certifies Hines “lights” case.
• 2003-12-31: NEW YORK: Department of State adopts nation’s first fire-safe regulations. Secretary of State Randy A. Daniels today announced the adoption of a fire safety standard for cigarettes that will require all cigarettes sold in New York State to be low ignition strength, making them less likely to cause fires if left unattended. The cigarette fire safety standard becomes effective June 28, 2004. . . . All cigarette brands offered for sale in New York State must be tested to determine if they selfextinguish at least 75 percent of the time. Only those brands that meet the state’s performance standard will be certified and permitted to be sold in New York.

• 2004-01-01: SMOKEFREE LEGISLATION: Smoking Bans, and other tobacco control legislation, take effect in:
• Canada: County of Hastings, Ontario, ban prohibits smoking in all restaurants, bars,and workplaces.
• Netherlands: Smoking banned in workplaces, buses, trains, taxis, travel stations and platforms; workplace smoking may only occur in special rooms with ventilation.Hotels, bars and restaurants may allow smoking, but the industry must come up with measures to protect nonsmokers by 2005.
• Malta:
• China: The Temporary Measures on Radio and Television Advertisement Administration bans ads for tobacco on TV and radio.
• Pennsylvania: Cigarette tax rises 35 cents.

• Maine: Bars are added to the state’s 1999 restaurant smoking ban. Small smoke shops and the high-stakes bingo operated by the Penobscot Nation are excepted. Virtually all workplaces in Maine are now smokefree.
• Georgia: Bainbridge law prohibits smoking in restaurants, stores, enclosed shopping malls, bars and lounges.
• California:
o AB 846, the Statewide Smoke-Free Entryway Law, prohibitrs smoking within 20 feet of public building entries/exits, including buildings in the UC, State University, and community college buildings. This extends the old smoking ban by 15 feet.
o SB 10166 requires tobacco sales to be face-to-face. The new law effectively bans internet and mail-order out-of-state sales.
o A new licensing plan will force tobacco retailers to pay $100 and wholesalers to pay $1,000 to fund stings aimed at black market and counterfeit operators.
• 2004: SMOKEFREE LEGISLATION: MA: Massachusetts bans smoking in restaurants.
• 2004: SMOKEFREE LEGISLATION: ID: Idaho bans smoking in restaurants
• 2004: SMOKEFREE LEGISLATION: ME: Maine bans smoking in all indoor spaces except private clubs, which must vote on the issue in 2005.
• 2004: SMOKEFREE LEGISLATION: ND: Fargo and West Fargo ban smoking in restaurants.
• 2004: SMOKEFREE LEGISLATION: MN: Moorehead bans smoking in restaurants.
• 2004-01-01: UK: British Heart Foundation launches massive anti-smoking campaign featuring a lard-type substance oozing from cigarettes, emphasizing what happens inside a smoker’s arteries.
• 2004-01-02: WA: Pierce County’s smoking ban takes effect, banning smoking in bars, restaurants, bowling alleys and nontribal casinos.
• 2004-01-26: RJR loses Supreme Court challenge in Kenyon suit. US Supreme court refuses to review Florida ruling. RJR had already paid the $195,000 judgment while the appeal was pending, the first time RJR has paid damages in an individual product-liability lawsuit. RJR is the second to pay out, next to B&W. RJR is seeking an appeal in Florida.
• 2004-02-01: WV: Cabell County’s smoking ban takes effect. Cabell-Huntington Board of Health originally adopted the ban in December 2001. Businesses fought it in court. After two years of legal red tape, the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals ruled in December that the ban can take effect, banning smoking in all restaurants and workplaces with the exceptions of bingo halls, personal care homes and free-standing bars, or establishments where alcohol sales are more than 80 percent of sales.
• 2004-02-25: UK Health Report Wanless Report Published. In April 2003, the Prime Minister, the Chancellor and the Secretary of State for Health asked Derek Wanless, ex-Group Chief Executive of NatWest, to provide an update of the challenges in implementing the fully engaged scenario set out in his report on long-term health trends. Derek Wanless’ final report “Securing Good Health for the Whole Population,” concluded that cutting smoking rates was “a key determinant of success” in meeting the Government’s public health targets and that the National Health Service needed to shift its balance of effort towards prevention. He underlined the crucial importance of reducing smoking in improving the nation’s health.
• 2004-02-01: UK: British Medical Association releases “Smoking and Reproductive Health” report, detailing the damage smoking and passive smoking does to men women and children: impotence, infertility, cervical cancer, SIDS, etc. 2004-02-01: Levels of movie smoking found to approximate levels of the 1950s.
• 2004-03-11: Fayetteville, AR, smoking ban goes into effect.
• 2004-03-12: UGANDA: Smoking ban announced. Environment Minister Kahinda Otafiire announces a ban on smoking in restaurants, educational institutions and bars. Philip Karugaba said the minister is only implementing a court decision passed in December 2002. The ban will be almost universally ignored March, 2004, when police announce they are enforcing it.
• 2004-03-29: IRELAND: Complete public smoking ban goes into effect.
• 2004-03-31: NY: On 1-year anniversary of New York City’s smoking ban, studies find no adverse financial impact on bars and restaurants. A report from 4 NYC agencies found: Here are the highlights of a report issued by four city agencies (finance, health, small business, and economic development):
• Employment in NYC’s restaurant/bar industry is the highest in over a decade
• tax receipts in restaurants and bars are up 8.7%
• Bar permits/licenses are up by 234
• Bar/restaurant air quality is significantly better (cotinine pollution levels are down 85%)
• Popularity of the law is higher than that of the New York Yankees
• Compliance is almost 100%
• 2004-04-01: CT: Complete smoking ban goes into effect; prohibiting smoking in previously exempted bar/restaurants with “café” licenses.
• 2004-04-01: GA: Gwinnett County smoking ban goes into effect, prohibiting smoking in all public buildings, workplaces and restaurants in unincorporated Guinnett.
• 2004-04-15: NORWAY scheduled to ban public smoking.
• 2004-04-27: KY: Lexington’s smoking ban goes into effect, prohibiting smoking in all bars, restaurants, bingo parlors, etc.
• 2004-05-01: INDIA: Complete ban on tobacco advertsing and promotions goes into effect, as according to the Cigarettes and other Tobacco Products (Prohibition of advertisements and regulation of trade and commerce, production, supply and distribution) Act 2003 which was passed by Parliament in April 2003 and notified in May that year.
• 2004-05-27: The Health Consequences Of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General
• 2004-06-01: NORWAY’s full smoking ban goes into effect.
• 2004-06-01: CANADA: Phase 3 of Toronto’s smoking ban goes into effect, banning smoking in restaurants and bars.
• 2004-06-22: UK: Sir Richard Doll finishes 1954 British Doctors study. On the anniversary of the first results confirming the link between lung cancer and smoking (Published in the BMJ on June 26, 1954), Doll, 91, finds the overall risks of smoking to be much greater than originally suspected. Almost 35,000 doctors were surveyed.
• 2004-07-30: MEXICO: Mexico City smoking ban goes into effect; prohibiting smoking in many public spaces (banks, hospitals, theatres, buses, etc.), and mandating that restaurants set aside 30% of seating for non-smokers.
• 2004-09-21: LAWSUITS: USA v. Philip Morris USA, et.al. begins; opening statements by US Department of Justice.
• 2004-10-01: CANADA: Near-complete smoking bans go into effect in Manitoba and New Brunswick provinces.
• 2004-10-11: In an omnibus corporate tax bill, US Congress passes $10 Billion buyout of tobacco farmers, ending a 70-year federal quota and price support program. The monies will be paid by the tobacco companies.
2004-11-19: Fargo, ND smoking ban goes into effect. Exclusions include truck stops and enclosed bars that restrict those under 21. Restaurant bar areas must be totally closed off from the restaurant.
• 2004-12-10: NEW ZEALAND smoking ban takes effect, madating clean indoor air for all workers, including office, restaurant, bar, and casino workers. NZ joins Ireland, Norway, Sweden, and Bhutan. .
• 2004-12-17: BHUTAN ban on all sales of tobacco products comes into effect.
• 2004-12-21: BHUTAN scheduled to ban public smoking.
• • 2004-12-21: UK: Tobacco Advertising ban goes into effect.

• 2005-01-01: NE: Lincoln ban on smoking in bars goes into effect. Voters approved the ban in November.
• 2005-01-01: BULGARIA: Smoking ban goes into effect. Smoking is banned in hospitals, schools, museums, day care cednters and theaters. Offices must have smoking lounges.
• 2005-01-10: ITALY: Strict smoking ban goes into effect.It bans smoking in indoor spaces –including bars– unless they have a separate and separately ventilated room.
• 2005-02-05: First Philip Morris lawusuit payment
• 2005-02-07: CUBA: Smoking ban goes into effect. It is forbidden to smoke in public places, air-conditioned or closed rooms, offices, meeting halls, theaters, cinemas and video halls. There are also restrictions on smoking on public transportation and in hospitals. Teen smoking measures are also put into effect, most notably a restriction on sales of tobacco to under-16-yearolds.
• 2005-02-27: WHO’s Framework Convention on Tobacco Control goes into effect in the 57 countries that have ratified the treaty. 111 nations have signed it but not ratified it.
• 2005-03-01: Rhode Island ban on smoking in most indoor workplaces goes into effect
• 2005-03-13: SMOKEFREE LEGISLATION: BANGLADESH: Parliament passes The Control of Use of Tobacco Products Act, which prohibits smoking in public places, but not restaurants and bars. It also prohibits media advertising and tobacco sponsorships. • 2005-03-21: CA: Supreme Court Refuses to hear Henley apeal. Henley’s $9 million award against Philip Morris stands. With interest, Philip Morris will pay over $16 million to Patricia Henley, the second payout for Philip Morris, and the largest. It is also the first punitive damages ever paid to an individual smoker.
• 2005-03-31: SMOKEFREE LEGISLATION: MN: Minneapolis, Bloomington and Hennepin County total smoking bans go into effect. Ramsey County restaurant smoking ban also goes into effect; it exempts establishments with over 50% liquor sales.
• 2005-03-26: SMOKEFREE LEGISLATION: BANGLADESH: The Control of Use of Tobacco Products Act goes into effect, banning smoking in public places, but not restaurants and bars. It also prohibits media advertising and tobacco sponsorships.
• 2005-04-05: SMOKEFREE LEGISLATION: MALTA: Smoking ban goes into effect, banning smoking in all indoor public areas. It allows for exceptions for specially-ventilated smoking rooms.
• 2005-04-05: SMOKEFREE LEGISLATION: SMOKEFREE: WY: Laramie smoking ban goes into effect, banning smoking in virtually all public areas and workplaces, including bars, restaurants, offices, private clubs and sports arenas. 2005-04-21: LAWSUITS: Riverside, CA: Jury clears Philip Morris USA in Coolidge lung cancer suit. Bruce Coolidge, 51, began his suit in 2001. The trial lasted 10 weeks. In 2 hours of deliberations, the jury found Coolidge had not proven his lung cancer was caused by smoking.
• 2005-04-21: RJR wins Broin-related lawsuit. A jury found that exposure to secondhand smoke in airplane cabins did not cause the chronic sinusitis of Lorraine Swaty, a flight attendant for US Airways.
• 2005-04-21: RJR wins Broin-related lawsuit. A jury found that exposure to secondhand smoke in airplane cabins did not cause the chronic sinusitis of Lorraine Swaty, a flight attendant for US Airways.
• 2005-04-25: DOJ Lawsuit: Liability phase completed.
• 2005-05-02: DOJ Lawsuit: Remedies phase begins.
• 2005-05-31: LITIGATION: SCOTLAND: Lord Nimmo Smith rules for Imperial Tobacco in McTear case.
• 2005-05-31: World No Tobacco Day. Focus: Health Professionals
“Health professionals are on the frontline. They need the skills to help people stop smoking, and they need to lead by example, and quit tobacco use themselves.”

• 2005-06-01: SMOKEFREE: SWEDEN: Total bar & restaurant smoking ban scheduled to go into effect.
http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/2947/a/17093
• 2005-06-01: KY: Kentucky’s lowest-in-the-nation goes from 3 cents/pack to 30 cents/pack.
• 2005-06-10: DOJ Lawsuit: Closing arguments end.
• 2005-06-20: DOJ Lawsuit: Tobacco CEOs meet with DOJ and Judge Kessler to discuss a settlement.
• 2005-06-27: DOJ Lawsuit: In a filing, DOJ sets forth in detail the remedies that it seeks.
• 2005-06-29: DOJ Lawsuit: 6 Public Health Organizations led by the Tobacco-Free Kids Action Fund file a request to intervene in regards to remedies.
• 2005-06-30: SMOKEFREE: SCOTLAND approves full smoking ban. The Smoking, Health and Social Care (Scotland) Bill is approved 97 to 17. The bill, one it receives royal assent, is due to go into effect March 26, 2006, bans smoking in bars, restaurants, offices, theaters, bingo halls and public bathrooms. The only exceptions are prison cells and residential care centers.
• 2005-07-01: SMOKEFREE: GA: Smoking ban goes into effect. Prohibits smoking in all bars and restaurants that admit minors.
• 2005-07-01: SMOKEFREE: CA: Statewide smoking ban in prisons goes into effect.
• 2005-07-01: SMOKEFREE: CO: Smoking ban in all bars and restaurants takes effect in Steamboat Springs.
• 2005-07-01: SMOKEFREE: WI: Appleton smoking ban goes into effect.
• 2005-07-01: NH: Tax Hike goes into effect. Tax is raised 28 cents to 80 cents/pack.
• 2005-07-01: OH: Tax Hike goes into effect. Tax is raised 70 cents to $1.25/pack.
• 2005-07-01: WA: Tax Hike goes into effect. Tax is raised 60 cents to $2.025/pack.
• 2005-07-01: VA: Tax Hike goes into effect. Tax is raised 10 cents to 30 cents/pack.
• 2005-07-01: SMOKEFREE: CANADA: Alberta cities Edmonton and St. Albert go smokefree in bars, bingo halls and casinos.
• 2005-07-01: Average state tax: 89.8 cents/pack.
2005-08-01: SMOKEFREE: VT: Bar smoking ban goes into effect. Vermont’s restaurants have been smokefree since 1993.
• 2005-08-01: UK: Brandsharing Regulations come into effect. They are part of the 2002 Tobacco Advertising and Promotion Act. Tobacco companies may no longer feature their name, logo, or branding on clothes and merchandise.
• 2005-08-01: EUROPE: Promtion and sponsorship ban goes into effect. Formula 1 teams are not longer able to feature cigarette brands.
• 2005-09-01: MT: Blackfeet Tribe Ban on Indoor Tobacco Use Goes into Effect.: The Blackfeet Tribal Business Council approved the indoor tobacco-use ban in July 31. It bans all smoking and tobacco use in public places on the reservation. The two tribally owned bars and casinos and privately owned bars that get the majority of their income from drink sales are exempt until 2007. The ban is stricter than Montana’s state ban, which takes effect Oct. 1.
• 2005-09-06: CONSUMPTION: National Survey on Drug Use and Health finds:
• 70.3 million Americans were current users of a tobacco product in 2004. This is 29.2 percent of the population aged 12 or older.
• 59.9 million (24.9 percent) smoked cigarettes, 13.7 million (5.7 percent) smoked cigars, 7.2 million (3.0 percent) used smokeless tobacco, and 1.8 million (0.8 percent) smoked tobacco in pipes.
• The rate of tobacco use declined between 2002 and 2004, from 30.4 to 29.2 percent, primarily due to a decline in cigarette use from 26.0 to 24.9 percent. The rate of cigar use remained steady, but smokeless tobacco use dropped from 3.3 to 3.0 percent.
• Young adults aged 18 to 25 continued to have the highest rate of past month cigarette use (39.5 percent). The rate did not change significantly between 2002 and 2004. The rate of cigarette use among youths aged 12 to 17 declined from 13.0 percent in 2002 to 11.9 percent in 2004.
• A higher proportion of males than females aged 12 or older smoked cigarettes in 2004 (27.7 vs. 22.3 percent). Among youths aged 12 to 17, however, girls (12.5 percent) were more likely than boys (11.3 percent) to smoke.
• Based on 2003 and 2004 data combined, 18.0 percent of pregnant women aged 15 to 44 smoked cigarettes in the past month compared with 30.0 percent of women in that age group who were not pregnant. However, among those aged 15 to 17, this pattern did not hold. The rate of cigarette smoking among pregnant women aged 15 to 17 was 26.0 percent compared with
19.6 percent among nonpregnant women of that age (not a statistically significant difference).
• In completely rural nonmetropolitan counties, current cigarette use among persons aged 12 or older declined from 31.8 percent in 2002 to 22.8 percent in 2004.
• Among the 93.4 million persons who had ever smoked cigarettes daily in their lifetime, nearly half (46.2 percent) had stopped smoking in 2004; that is, they did not smoke at all in the past 30 days. The remaining 53.8 percent were still current smokers.
• 2005-09-12: DOJ Lawsuit: Judge Kessler’s deadline for amicus filings. 8 different amicus briefs have been submitted on behalf of more than 50 outside entries.
• 2005-09-19: ME: Tax Hike goes into effect. Tax will be raised $1 to $2/pack
• 2005-09-29: Supreme Court of Canada rules tobacco companies may be sued for health care costs. The Court dismissed an appeal from a tobacco company and upheld the validity of British Columbia’s Tobacco Damages And Health Care Costs Recovery Act.
2005-09-30: CANADA: Fire-safe cigarette rules go into effect. “All cigarettes manufactured or imported for sale in Canada must now meet the new national standard intended for ignition propensity which will reduce the risk of fire.” http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/September2005/30/c6106.html
• 2005-10-01: NC: Tax due to rise 25 cents, to 30 cents a pack. South Carolina will then have the lowest tax in the nation, 7 cents a pack.
• 2005-10-01: MT: Smoking ban goes into effect; ban exempts bars until 2009.
• 2005-10-01: KY: Georgetown smoking ban goes into effect.
• 2005-10-13: CA: Tobacco licensing rules go into effect in Riverside County. Businesses that sell tobacco must pay a $350 license each year. Proceeds will go to funding of “stings.” Violations of any tobacco law could result in the revocation of a business’ license.
• 2005-10-27: UK: Government announces partial smoking ban in health bill.
• 2005-11-08: WA: Voters go to the polls and pass Initiative 901. The smoking ban’s outdoor restrictions near entrances, window, etc. make it the toughest in the nation.
• 2005-11-15: SMOKEFREE: KY: Louisville smoking ban due to go into effect. Bars and and buildings that have enclosed smoking rooms with separate ventilation systems are exempted.
• 2006-03-26: SMOKEFREE: SCOTLAND: Full smoking ban due to go into effect.
• 2006-07-01: NC Tax due to rise 5 cents, to 35 cents a pack.

AND NOW FOR YOUR READING PLEASURE LET’S LOOK AT THIS HISTORY FROM TODAY GOING BACK INTO TIME. KIND OF LIKE TWILIGHT ZONE ISN’T IT?

THIS IS MUCH SHORTER AND LESS DETAIL. JUST HITS THE HIGHTLIGHTS. YOU’LL LOVE
IT!

READ ON

Culture

The history of smoking
2003 New York City bans smoking in all public places (31 March).
Advertising and promotion of tobacco banned in UK.
2002 British Medical Association claims there is ‘no safe level of environmental tobacco smoke’.
UK Government forced to increase cross-Channel shopping guidelines from 800 to 3,200 cigarettes per person.
Greater London Authority Investigative Comittee on Smoking in Public Places calls for more research into passive smoking but declines to recommend further restrictions on smoking in public places.
2000 Jury awards punitive damages of nearly $145bn against five US tobacco companies after a class action in the state of Florida.

Canadian health minister introduces graphic warnings on cigarette packs in Canada.

Supported by FOREST, cross-Channel shopper Gary Mullen goes to court and wins back 5,000 cigarettes that had been seized by Customs at Dover.
1999 UK hospitality industry introduce Voluntary Charter on Smoking in Public Places. Pubs and restaurants to introduce signs alerting customers to their policy on smoking.
First finding for an individual against a tobacco company. Jury in Portland, Oregan, awards family of Jesse Williams $81m against Philip Morris in punitive damages plus $821,485 in compensatory damages. Judge later reduces the punitive damages to $32 million and was then reinstated in 2002.

Two tobacco companies cleared of wrongdoing in the death of a smoker from lung cancer by a Louisiana jury.

UK Health and Safety Commission publishes draft Approved
Code of Practice on Smoking at Work. Recommends, as a first option, that companies ban smoking at work, but admits that proving a link between between passive smoking and ill health would be difficult ‘give the state of the scientific evidence’. (When the final version is published in 2000, the Government declines to implement it.)
1998 46 US states embrace $206bn settlement with cigarette makers over health costs for treating sick smokers.

Tobacco executives testify before Congress that nicotine is addictive under current definitions of the word and that smoking may cause cancer.

1997 Federal judge rules that US Government can regulate tobacco as a drug.

1995 New York City passes Smoke-Free Air Act and strengthens Clean Indoor Air Act.
1994 Executives of seven largest US tobacco companies swear in Congressional testimony that nicotine isn’t addictive and deny manipulating nicotine levels in cigarettes.

Tobacco taxes cut in Canada to deal with smuggling problem. Mississippi files first of 24 state lawsuits seeking to recoup millions from tobacco companies for smokers’ Medicaid bills.

Diana Castano, whose husband died of cancer, files case against the tobacco industry. It grows to include millions of smokers and an alliance of 60 lawyers for the plaintiffs.

MacDonalds bans smoking in all its restaurants
1993 Vermont bans smoking in indoor public places, the first US state to do so.
1992 Nicotine patches introduced.
US Supreme Court rules that warning labels on packs of cigarettes do not protect tobacco companies from lawsuits.
1990 Smoking banned on US interstate buses and all domestic airline flights of six hours or less.
1988 US Surgeon General concludes that nicotine is an addictive drug in his 20th report.
1987 US Congress bans smoking on airline flights of less than two hours.
1983 Rose Cipollone, a smoker dying from lung cancer, files a landmark lawsuit, which drags on for nine years. She is finally awarded $400,000, but the decision is overturned.
1973 First US federal restriction on smoking. Officials rule all airlines must create non-smoking sections.
1971 Government bans cigarette advertisements on radio.

Voluntary agreement by tobacco companies leads to print health warnings on packs in the UK.
1970 Broadcast ads for cigarettes are banned in America. Last advert is for Virginia Slims and is screened in 1971.

1965 Federal Cigarette Labelling and Advertising Act requires US Surgeon General’s warnings on cigarette packs.
UK Government bans cigarette ads on television in the UK.
1964 US Surgeon General Luther Terry announces that smoking causes lung cancer.
1950 Evidence of a link between lung cancer and smoking published in the British Medical Journal. Research by Professor (now Sir) Richard Doll and A Bradford Hill.
1914 Outbreak of World War I sees cigarette rations introduced. Smoking hugely popular with soldiers in battlefields of northern Europe and cigarettes became known as ‘soldier’s smoke’.
1900 Smoking jackets and hats have been introduced for gentleman smokers. After-dinner cigar (with a glass of port or brandy) is now an established tradition in turn of the century Britain. Cigarettes also a part of life.

1858 Fears about the effects on smoking on health first raised in The Lancet.
1856 First cigarette factory opened. It was in Walworth, England, and owned by Robert Golag, a veteran of the Crimean War.
1832 First paper rolled cigarette. It is widely believed that the first paper rolled cigarettes were made by Egyptian soldiers fighting the Turkish-Egyptian war. Other historians suggest that Russians and Turks learned about cigarettes from the French, who in turn may have learned about smoking from the Spanish. It is thought that paupers in Seville were making a form of cigarette, known as a ‘papalette’, from the butts of discarded cigars and papers as early as the 17th century.
1830 First Cuban seegars (as they were then known) arrive in London. Sold by Robert Lewis in St James’s Street in 1830.
1600 Tobacco production now well established in the New
World. Despite being banned by His Holiness Pope Clement VIII, who threatened anyone who smoked in a holy place with excommunication, smoking was becoming increasingly popular with Europeans.
1596-1645 Michael Feodorovich: the first Romanov Csar declared the use of tobacco a deadly sin in Russia and forbade possession for any purpose. Tobacco court established to try breaches of the law. Usual punishments were slitting of the lips or a terrible and sometimes fatal flogging. In Turkey, Persia and India, the death penalty was prescribed as a cure for the habit.
1595 Tobacco, the first book in the English language about tobacco, published.
1566-1625 King James I famously published his treatise, ‘A Counterblast to Tobacco’ in 1604. In it he described the plant as ‘an invention of Satan’ and banned tobacco from London’s alehouses. Later he had a change of heart, and ‘nationalised’ the burgeoning tobacco industry in England and even reduced tobacco taxes.
1565 (approx) First shipment of tobacco reaches Britain. 1552-1618 Sir Walter Raleigh: erroneously thought to have introduced tobacco to England. He did, though, popularise it in the court of Elizabeth I.
1542-1591 Richard Grenville (cousin of Sir Walter Raleigh): another contender for being British mariner who introduced tobacco to England.
1541-1596 Sir Francis Drake: the first sea captain to sail around the world may have been the man to introduce tobacco to England.
1532-1595 Sir John Hawkins: first English slave trader, he made three expeditions from Africa to the Caribbean in the 1560s and is the most likely candidate for being the first to bring tobacco to England.
1493 AD Rodrigo de Jerez became the first European smoker in history. One of Christopher Columbus’s fellow explorers, he took his first puff of the New World’s version of the cigar in Cuba. When he returned home he made the mistake of lighting up in public and was thrown into prison for three years by the Spanish Inquisition – becoming the world’s first victim of the anti-smoking lobby!

1000 BC People start using the leaves of the tobacco plant for smoking and chewing. How and why tobacco was first used in the Americas no one knows. The first users are thought to have been the Mayan civilisations of Central America. Its use was gradually adopted throughout the nations of Central and most of North and South America.
6000 BC Tobacco starts growing in the Americas. Tobacco in its original state is native only to the Americas.

OKAY, OKAY!
I’LL TELL YOU WHY YOU NEEDED TO READ ALL THIS
For one thing, this let’s you see once and for all that you are not alone and you are not the only person on this planet who has had this disease. You also needed to see the history of addition that has gone before you. It is imperative that as we tackle this disease we know exactly what the history of it is. Ah, and it’s a proud tradition isn’t it. Did you check out those profits from the big manufacturers. They are making gagillions (yes that is too a number) of dollars by keeping us addicted.
Keep reading…you’re doing great!

A RECAP OF EARLY HISTORY
(CNN) — Tobacco was first used by the peoples of the pre-Columbian Americas. Native Americans apparently cultivated the plant and smoked it in pipes for medicinal and ceremonial purposes.
Christopher Columbus brought a few tobacco leaves and seeds with him back to Europe, but most Europeans didn’t get their first taste of tobacco until the mid-16th century, when adventurers and diplomats like France’s Jean Nicot — for whom nicotine is named — began to popularize its use. Tobacco was introduced to France in 1556, Portugal in 1558, and Spain in 1559, and England in 1565.
The first successful commercial crop was cultivated in Virginia in 1612 by Englishman John Rolfe. Within seven years, it was the colony’s largest export. Over the next two centuries, the growth of tobacco as a cash crop fueled the demand in North America for slave labor.

CIGARS…CIGARETTES
At first, tobacco was produced mainly for pipe-smoking, chewing, and snuff. Cigars didn’t become popular until the early 1800s. Cigarettes, which had been around in crude form since the early 1600s, didn’t become widely popular in the United States until after the Civil War, with the spread of “Bright” tobacco, a uniquely cured yellow leaf grown in Virginia and North Carolina. Cigarette sales surged again with the introduction of the “White Burley” tobacco leaf and the invention of the first practical cigarette-making machine, sponsored by tobacco baron James Buchanan “Buck” Duke, in the late 1880s.
CANCER BY THE CARTON

The negative health effects of tobacco were not initially known; in fact, most early European physicians subscribed to the Native American belief that tobacco can be an effective medicine.
By the early 20th century, with the growth in cigarette smoking, articles addressing the health effects of smoking began to appear in scientific and medical journals. In 1930, researchers in Cologne, Germany, made a statistical correlation between cancer and smoking. Eight years later, Dr. Raymond Pearl of Johns Hopkins University reported that smokers do not live as long as non-smokers. By 1944, the American Cancer Society began to warn about possible ill effects of smoking, although it admitted that “no definite evidence exists” linking smoking and lung cancer.
A statistical correlation between smoking and cancer had been demonstrated; but no causal relationship had been shown. More importantly, the general public knew little of the growing body of statistics.
That changed in 1952, when Reader’s Digest published “Cancer by the Carton,” an article detailing the dangers of smoking. The effect of the article was enormous: Similar reports began appearing in other periodicals, and the smoking public began to take notice. The following year, cigarette sales declined for the first time in over two decades.
The tobacco industry responded swiftly. By 1954 the major U.S. tobacco companies had formed the Tobacco Industry Research Council to counter the growing health concerns. With counsel from TIRC, tobacco companies began mass-marketing filtered cigarettes and low-tar formulations that promised a “healthier” smoke. The public responded, and soon sales were booming again.

SURGEON GENERAL’S WARNING

The next big blow to the tobacco industry came in the early 1960s, with the formation of the Surgeon General’s Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health. Convened in response to political pressures and a growing body of scientific evidence suggesting a causal relationship between smoking and cancer, the committee released a 387-page report in 1964 entitled “Smoking and Health.” In unequivocal terms, it concluded that “cigarette smoking is causally related to lung cancer in men.” It said that the data for women, “though less extensive, point in the same direction.” The report noted that the average smoker is nine to 10 times more likely to get lung cancer than the average non-smoker and cited specific carcinogens in cigarette smoke, including cadmium, DDT, and arsenic.
The tobacco industry has been on the run — albeit profitably — ever since. In 1965, Congress passed the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act requiring the surgeon general’s warnings on all cigarette packages. In 1971, all broadcast advertising was banned. In 1990, smoking was banned on all interstate buses and all domestic airline flights lasting six hours or less. In 1994, Mississippi filed the first of 22 state lawsuits seeking to recoup millions of dollars from tobacco companies for smokers’ Medicaid bills. And in 1995, President Clinton announced FDA plans to regulate tobacco, especially sales and advertising aimed at minors.

LEGAL HISTORY

Tobacco has been around longer than the United States, and a causal relationship between smoking and cancer has been acknowledged by the U.S. government for over three decades. So why has it taken so long for the tobacco industry to be forced to settle lawsuits over the dangers of cigarettes?
Previous lawsuits went nowhere. Tobacco companies, with deep pockets for legal maneuvering, easily beat back early suits, including the first one, filed in 1954. Their most serious challenge before the 1990s came in 1983, when Rose Cipollone, a smoker dying from lung cancer, filed suit against Liggett Group, charging the company failed to warn her about the dangers of its products. Cipollone, who eventually died, initially won a $400,000 judgment against the company, but that was later overturned. After two arguments before the Supreme Court, Cipollone’s family, unable to afford the cost of continued litigation, dropped the suit.
Now, however, tobacco companies face a different legal environment. Over the past three decades, the law has changed considerably.
Today, state laws and legal precedents hold manufacturers more liable for the effects of their products. And the old legal defense of “contributing negligence” — which prevented lawsuits by people with some measure of responsibility for their own condition — is no longer viable in most jurisdictions. Instead, a defendant can be held partially liable and forced to pay a corresponding percentage of damages. Finally, the notion of “strict” liability has developed; this means a defendant can be found liable whether or not they are found negligent. If a product such as tobacco causes harm, the company that produced it can be held responsible, even if it wasn’t aware of the potential danger.
OKAY, ENOUGH WITH THE HISTORY. LET’S SEE HOW THESE FABUOLOUS CREATIONS ARE PRODUCED. READ ON MIGHTY SOLDIER

CHAPTER II THE PRODUCTION OF CIGARETTES
Cigarette Manufacturing

1. After the tobacco companies select and buy the tobacco from the warehouses, the tobacco is cured and sent to the factories.
2. In the factories, the tobacco leaves are de-stemmed, cut into strips, and cleaned. As the cleaning process is a very important step, some companies will chemically, electronically and manually clean the leaves.
3. The tobacco is then steamed to make sure that the leaves will not become too dry and begin crumbling. (Although the leaves will later be dried again for storage.
4. Next, the tobacco is aged, usually for about 12-18 months.
5. After aging, the tobacco is often combined with different flavorings, such as menthol, licorice, maple syrup, or cocoa.
6. The flavored tobacco is then made into cigarettes with various cigarette making machines. The tobacco is wrapped into cigarette paper, an adhesive is applied to the side to seal the paper, and the cigarette is cut to the desired length.
7. A filter rod machine then attaches a filter to the end of the cigarette. A paper wrap is then applied around the filter and adhesive is applied to secure it.
8. Finished cigarettes are then sent to a packaging machine where they (typically 20 to a pack) are wrapped in foil and a label. They are then wrapped with clear plastic and a tear tape. The individual packs are placed into cartons and the cartons are packed into cases in which they are shipped out to be distributed.
THAT SOUNDS SO SWEET DOESN’T IT?
LIKE SOMETHING YOU’D READ IN A HISTORY BOOK. THE FAIRY TALE CREATION OF CIGARETTES.
NOW LET’S LOOK AT THE FULL
STORY OF HOW A CIGARETTE IS MANUFACTURED!
1. A process for manufacturing cigarettes comprising the steps of:

producing an ink comprising a slurry medium of microcapsules of an alcohol having two or more carbon atoms, said alcohol being capable when released from the microcapsules and having the vapor thereof inhaled by the smoker of inhibiting the selective localization of at least one nitrosamine or a metabolite thereof in the tissues of the smoker, said alcohol being present in an amount sufficient to inhibit the selective localization but not to produce any toxic effects in the smoker, and

printing the ink on cigarette paper.

2. The process of claim 1 including,

said alcohol being cyclohexanol.

3. The process of claim 1 including,

rolling a quantity of tobacco in the cigarette paper.

4. A cigarette made by the process of claim 1.

5. The process of claim 1 including, said alcohol being methycyclohexanol.

6. The process of claim 1 including, said alcohol being hescanol.

7. A process for manufacturing cigarettes comprising the steps of:

spraying redried, cut rag tobacco with at least one alcohol having two or more carbon atoms and being capable when the vapor thereof is inhaled by a smoker of inhibiting the selective localization of at least one nitrosamine or a metabolite thereof in the tissues of the smoker, and in an amount sufficient to inhibit the selective localization but not to produce any toxic effects in the smoker, said at least one alcohol including dipropylene glycol monomethyl in an ether solution; and

machining the sprayed, redried, cut rag tobacco into a cigarette.

8. A process for manufacturing cigarettes comprising the steps of:

spraying redried, cut rag tobacco with at least one alcohol having two or more carbon atoms and being capable when the vapor thereof is inhaled by a smoker of inhibiting the selective localization of at least one nitrosamine or a metabolite thereof in the tissues of the smoker, and in an amount sufficient to inhibit the selective localization but not to produce any toxic effects in the smoker, said at least one alcohol being selected from the group of n-octyl alcohol and capryl alcohol; and

machining the sprayed, redried, cut rag tobacco into a cigarette.

9. A process for manufacturing cigarettes comprising the steps of:

spraying redried, cut rag tobacco with at least one alcohol having two or more carbon atoms and being capable when the vapor thereof is inhaled by a smoker of inhibiting the selective localization of at least one nitrosamine or a metabolite thereof in the tissues of the smoker, and in an amount sufficient to inhibit the selective localization but not to produce any toxic effects in the smoker, said at least one alcohol being selected from the group of 1,3-butanediol, pinacol and 1,2,4-butanetriol; and

machining the sprayed, redried, cut rag tobacco into a cigarette.

10. A process for manufacturing cigarettes comprising the steps of:

spraying redried, cut rag tobacco with at least one alcohol having two or more carbon atoms and being capable when the vapor thereof is inhaled by a smoker of inhibiting the selective localization of at least one nitrosamine or a metabolite thereof in the tissues of the smoker, and in an amount sufficient to inhibit the selective localization but not to produce any toxic effects in the smoker, said at least one alcohol comprising at least one compound with resonant hydroxyl species; and

machining the sprayed, redried, cut rag tobacco into a cigarette.

11. The process of claim 10 including,

said at least one compound being selected from the group of ndecyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol and cinnamyl alcohol.

12. A process for manufacturing cigarettes comprising the steps of:

spraying redried, cut rag tobacco with at least one alcohol having two or more carbon atoms and being capable when the vapor thereof is inhaled by a smoker of inhibiting the selective localization of at least one nitrosamine or a metabolite thereof in the tissues of the smoker, and in an amount sufficient to inhibit the selective localization but not to produce any toxic effects in the smoker, said at least one alcohol being in a quantity sufficient to ensure a transfer to the alcohol molecules thereof into the volume of smoke inhaled by the smoker equal to the number of molecules of nitrosamines present in the same volume of smoke; and

machining the sprayed, redried, cut rag tobacco into a cigarette.

13. The process of claim 12 including,

said alcohol being hexanol.

14. The process of claim 12 including,

said tissues being bronchial epithelium, salivary duct or liver tissues.

15. A process for manufacturing cigarettes comprising the steps of:

spraying redried, cut rag tobacco with at least one alcohol having two or more carbon atoms and being capable when the vapor thereof is inhaled by a smoker of inhibiting the selective localization of at least one nitrosamine or a metabolite thereof in the tissues of the smoker, and in an amount sufficient to inhibit the selective localization but not to produce any toxic effects in the smoker, said at least one alcohol being in a quantity sufficient to ensure a transfer of the alcohol molecules thereof into the volume of smoke inhaled by the smoker generally at least as many as the number of molecules of nitrosamines present in the same volume of smoke; and

machining the sprayed, redried, cut rag tobacco into a cigarette.

16. The process of claim 15 including,

said alcohol being hexanol.

17. The process of claim 15 including,

said tissues being bronchial epithelium, salivary duct or liver tissues.

18. A process for manufacturing cigarettes comprising the steps of:

spraying redried, cut rag tobacco with at least one alcohol having two or more carbon atoms and being capable when the vapor thereof is inhaled by a smoker of inhibiting the selective localization of at least one nitrosamine or a metabolite thereof in the tissues of the smoker, and in an amount sufficient to inhibit the selective localization but not to produce any toxic effects in the smoker, said at least one alcohol being in a quantity sufficient to ensure a transfer of the alcohol molecules thereof into the volume of smoke inhaled by the smoker generally at least as many as the number of molecules of NNN present in the same volume of smoke; and

machining the sprayed, redried, cut rag tobacco into a cigarette.

19. The process of claim 18 including,

said alcohol being hexanol.

20. The process of claim 18 including,

said tissues being bronchial epithelium, salivary duct or liver tissues.

21. A process for manufacturing cigarettes comprising the steps of:

spraying redried, cut rag tobacco with at least one alcohol having two or more carbon atoms and being capable when the vapor thereof is inhaled by a smoker of inhibiting the selective localization of at least one nitrosamine or a metabolite thereof in the tissues of the smoker, and in an amount sufficient to inhibit the selective localization but not to produce any toxic effects in the smoker, said alcohol being in a solution which includes at least one vitamin selected from the group of Vitamins A, B, C and
E; and

machining the sprayed, redried, cut rag tobacco into a cigarette.

22. A process for manufacturing cigarettes comprising the steps of:

spraying redried, cut rag tobacco with at least one alcohol having two or more carbon atoms and being capable when the vapor thereof is inhaled by a smoker of inhibiting the selective localization of at least one nitrosamine or a metabolite thereof in the tissues of the smoker, and in an amount sufficient to inhibit the selective localization but not to produce any toxic effects in the smoker, said at least one alcohol being selected from the group of 2-ethyl butyl alcohol and ethyl hexanol; and

machining the sprayed, redried, cut rag tobacco into a cigarette.

23. A process for manufacturing cigarettes comprising the steps of:

spraying redried, cut rag tobacco with at least one alcohol having two or more carbon atoms and being capable when the vapor thereof is inhaled by a smoker of inhibiting the selective localization of at least one nitrosamine or a metabolite thereof in the tissues of the smoker, and in an amount sufficient to inhibit the selective localization but not to produce any toxic effects in the smoker, said alcohol being selected from the group of n-octyl alcohol, capryl alcohol, 1,3-butanediol, pinacol, 1,2,4,-butanetriol, n-decyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, cinnamyl alcohol, 2ethyl butyl alcohol, and ethyl hexanol; and

machining the sprayed, redried, cut rag tobacco into a cigarette.

24. A process for manufacturing cigarettes comprising the steps of:

spraying redried, cut rag tobacco with at least one alcohol having two or more carbon atoms and being capable when the vapor thereof is inhaled by a smoker of inhibiting the selective localization of a least one nitrosamine or a metabolite thereof in the tissues of the smoker, and in an amount sufficient to inhibit the selective localization but not to produce any toxic effects in the smoker, said at least one alcohol including cyclohexanol; and

machining the sprayed, redried, cut rag tobacco into a cigarette,

25. The process of claim 24 including,

said spraying including spraying said alcohol in a solution.

26. The process of claim 25 including,

said solution including ethyl alcohol.

27. The process of claim 25 including, said solution including water.

28. The process of claim 24 including,

said at least one alcohol being in a quantity sufficient to ensure a transfer of the alcohol molecules thereof into the volume of smoke inhaled by the smoker equal to the number of molecules of nitrosamines present in the same volume of smoke.

29. The process of claim 24 including,

said at least one alcohol being in a quantity sufficient to ensure a transfer of the alcohol molecules thereof into the volume of smoke inhaled by the smoker generally at least as many as the number of molecules of nitrosamines present in the same volume of smoke.

30. The process of claim 24 including,

said at least one alcohol being in a quantity sufficient to ensure a transfer of the alcohol molecules thereof into the volume of smoke inhaled by the smoker generally at least as many as the number of molecules of NNN present in the same volume of smoke.

31. The process of claim 24 including,

said spraying including said at least one alcohol being sprayed in a solution, and said solution causing the moisture content of the cigarette to be below twelve and a half percent by weight thereof.

32. The process of claim 24 including,

said spraying including spraying said at least one alcohol on the tobacco as the tobacco is tumbling in a rotating cooling cylinder.

33. The process of claim 24 including,

adding flavorings to the redried cut rag tobacco.

34. The process of claim 33 including,

said adding step being during said spraying step.

35. The process of claim 33 including,

said adding step being before said spraying step.

36. The process of claim 33 including,

said adding step being after said spraying step.

37. The process of claim 24 including,

said machining including attaching a filter to the tobacco.

38. The process of claim 24 including,

allowing said sprayed alcohol to dry before starting said machining step.

39. The process of claim 24 including,

said alcohol being in a solution which includes at least one vitamin selected from the group of Vitamins A, B, C and E.

40. The process of claim 24 including,

said tissues being bronchial epithelium, salivary duct or liver tissues.

41. The process of claim 24 including,

said at least one nitrosamine being NNN, NPYR or NNK, or metabolites thereof.

42. The process of claim 24 including,

said alcohol being no more than two hundred milligrams of cyclohexanol per cigarette.

43. The process of claim 24 including,

said cut rag tobacco comprising between 750 and 1100 milligrams of tobacco, and said alcohol comprising between 1 and 1000 micrograms of alcohol.

44. The process of claim 24 including,

said alcohol comprising approximately 800 micrograms of alcohol per cigarette.

45. The process of claim 24 including,

said cut rag tobacco comprising approximately 800 milligrams of tobacco, and said alcohol comprising approximately 800 micrograms of alcohol.

46. The process of claim 24 including,

said alcohol being sprayed in a quantity sufficient so that at least one molecule thereof is inhaled by the smoker for each molecule of the inhaled nitrosamines.

47. The process of claim 24 including,

said alcohol having a concentration in air of 0.1to 0.001%.

48. A cigarette made by the process of claim 24.

49. A process for manufacturing cigarettes comprising the steps of:

spraying redried, cut rag tobacco with at least one alcohol having two or more carbon atoms and being capable when the vapor thereof is inhaled by a smoker of inhibiting the selective localization of at least one nitrosamine or a metabolite thereof in the tissues of the smoker, and in an amount sufficient to inhibit the selective localization but not to produce any toxic effects in the smoker, said at least one alcohol including
methycyclohexanol; and

machining the sprayed, redried, cut rag tobacco into a cigarette.

50. The process of claim 49 including,

said spraying including spraying said alcohol in a solution.

51. The process of claim 50 including,

said solution including ethyl alcohol.

52. The process of claim 50 including,

said solution including water.

53. The process of claim 49 including,

said at least one alcohol being in a quantity sufficient to ensure a transfer of the alcohol molecules thereof into the volume of smoke inhaled by the smoker equal to the number of molecules of nitrosamines present in the same volume of smoke.

54. The process of claim 49 including,

said at least one alcohol being in a quantity sufficient to ensure a transfer of the alcohol molecules thereof into the volume of smoke inhaled by the smoker generally at least as many as the number of molecules of nitrosamines present in the same volume of smoke.

55. The process of claim 49 including,

said at least one alcohol being in a quantity sufficient to ensure a transfer of the alcohol molecules thereof into the volume of smoke inhaled by the smoker generally at least as many as the number of molecules of NNN present in the same volume of smoke.

56. The process of claim 49 including,

said spraying including said at least one alcohol being sprayed in a solution, and said solution causing the moisture content of the cigarette to be below twelve and a half percent by weight thereof.

57. The process of claim 49 including,

said spraying including spraying at least said one alcohol on the tobacco a the tobacco is tumbling in a rotating cooling cylinder.

58. The process of claim 49 including,

adding flavorings to the redried, cut rag tobacco.

59. The process of claim 58 including,

said adding step being during said spraying step.

60. The process of claim 58 including,

said adding step being before said spraying step.

61. The process of claim 58 including, said adding step being after said spraying step.

62. The process of claim 49 including,

said machining including attaching a filter to the tobacco.

63. The process of claim 49 including,

allowing said sprayed alcohol to dry before starting said machining step.

64. The process of claim 49 including,

said alcohol being in a solution which includes at least one
vitamin selected from the group of Vitamins A, B, C and E.

65. The process of claim 49 including,

said tissues being bronchial epithelium, salivary duct or liver tissues.

66. The process of claim 49 including,

said at least one nitrosamine being NNN, NPYR or NNK, or metabolites thereof.

67. The process of claim 49 including,

said cut rag tobacco comprising between 750 and 1100 milligrams of tobacco, and said alcohol comprising between 1 and 1000 micrograms of alcohol.

68. The process of claim 49 including,

said alcohol comprising approximately 800 micrograms of alcohol per cigarette.

69. The process of claim 49 including,

said cut rag tobacco comprising approximately 800 milligrams of tobacco, and said alcohol comprising approximately 800 micrograms of alcohol.

70. The process of claim 49 including,

said alcohol being sprayed in a quantity sufficient so that at least one molecule thereof is inhaled by the smoker for each molecule of the inhaled nitrosamines.

71. The process of claim 49 including,

said alcohol having a concentration in air of 0.1% to 0.001%.

72. A cigarette made by the process of claim 49.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This is a continuation-in-part of copending application Ser. No. 921,823, filed Oct. 21, 1986, now abandoned which is a continuation of Ser. No. 834,129, filed Feb. 26, 1986, now abandoned, which in turn is a continuation of Ser. No. 506,824, filed June 23, 1983, now abandoned, and this is also a continuation-in-part of copending application Ser. No. 084,798, filed Aug. 13, 1987, which in turn is a continuation-in-part of above-mentioned Ser. No. 921,823, now abandoned. The entire contents of each of these applications are hereby incorporated by reference.

This invention relates to tobacco smoking articles and their construction, and also to methods for reducing the health risks of smokers. It further is concerned with processes for manufacturing cigarettes and cigarettes made by those processes.

It is known that tobacco and, more particularly, tobacco smoke contain numerous potential carcinogens and cocarcinogens. Accounts of Chem. Res., S. Hecht et al, 12: 92-98 (1979). Cancer Research, D. McCoy et al, 41, 2849-2854 (1981). (These and each
of the other articles, patents and other documents and publications mentioned anywhere in this disclosure are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.) Some of these potential carcinogens and cocarcinogens are tobacco specific; that is, they are associated with and are introduced only by the use of tobacco. In fact, nearly all N-nitrosamines in tobacco products are carcinogenic. See International Agency for Research on Cancer
(1978) N-Nitrosoproline and N-nitrosohydroxyproline In: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, Vol 17, Some N-Nitrosamines, Lyon, pp.
303-311; US Department of Health and Human Services (1982)
The Health Consequences of Smoking: Cancer (DHHS (PHS) 8250179), Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office; Hecht,
S.S., Castonguay, A., Rivenson, A., Mu, B. & Hoffman, D. (1983) “Tobacco-specific nitrosamines: carcinogenicity, metabolism and possible role in human cancer”, J. Environ. Sci. Health, C1, 1-54. It is also known that N’-Nitrosonoronicotine (NNN) is one of the major tobacco-specific carcinogens occurring in tobacco and also in the particulate phase of tobacco smoke. N-Nitroso Compounds in the Environment: IARC Scientific Publication, No. 9, pp. 159165, D. Hoffmann et al (1975). See also, Studies on the Reduction of Nitrosamines in Tobacco, W. J. Chamberlain et al, Tobacco Science 81 (1981). “It is known that N-nitroso derivatives of tobacco alkaloids, such as N’nitrosornicotine (NNN) and 4-Nmethyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyo-1-butano (NNK) are powerful environmental carcinogens.”. See also S. S. Hecht, et al., Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines: Formation from Nicotine In Vitro and Durino Tobacco Curing and Carcinogenicity in Strain A Mice, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., Vol 60, No. 4, April 1978, pp. 819-824.

Other related nitrosamines such as N-Nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) are found in cooked bacon and other processed meats, as well as in tobacco and tobacco smoke. IARC Science Publication, D. Harvery et al, 17: 313 (1978). Hence, nitrosamines can arrive in the environment from several sources.

Recent experimentations with NNN have left little doubt that this compound is a potent carcinogen or pre-carcinogen in mammals. By administering NNN in drinking water, esophageal tumors have been induced in F-344 rats. Carcinogenesis, S. Hecht et al, 3: 453456 (1982). Further, administration of NNN is also known to induce carcinogenesis in the olfactory epithelium, lung, salivary glands of rodents. See Cancer Research, W. Waddell et al, 40: 3518-3523 (1980). Moreover, the presence of a metabolite of NNN at the sites of tumor formation has been confirmed by radio labelling experiments. A whole-body autoradiography study of adult male C57BL/6J mice, utilizing [.sup.14 C] NNN to assess the specific distribution of NNN and its metabolites in all the tissues of the body, revealed a striking correlation of the retention of radioactivity with the previously reported sites of tumor formation. Cancer Research, W. Waddell et al, 40: 3518-3523 (1980).

It has interestingly been discovered that NNN exhibits an extraordinary degree of selectivity in inducing tumor formation. More particularly, NNN typically induces tumor formation at five sites, namely the nasal cavity, salivary duct, esophagus, bronchial epithelium and the liver. Cancer Research, supra. While the precise method of NNN carcinogenesis is unclear, there is evidence that the proximal carcinogen is formed following the ahydroxylation of NNN in vivo. Cancer Research, C. Chen et al, 38: 3639-3645 (1978); Cancer Research, W. Waddell et al, 40: 35183523 (1980). Experimentation has indicated, for example, that the F-344 rat esophagus, in contrast to other tissues, preferentially catalyzes hydroxylation at the a-carbon of NNN adjacent to the pyridine ring. Carcinogenesis, S. Hecht et al, 3: 453-456 (1982). Thus, the selective retention of NNN and metabolites thereof in sites where tumor formations are known to occur preferentially allows an excellent correlation of molecular accumulation with carcinogenic activity. However, despite the increasingly strong nexus between the tumor incidence, reactive nitrosamines such as NNN continue to be ubiquitous in the environment, especially occurring in the tobacco smoke stream.

A number of proposals have been made to reduce the amount of undesirable substances inhaled by the smoker in the smoke stream. Generally, these proposals fall into three categories. The first category pertains to methods for reducing the irritant material itself, generally through changes in tobacco blends, by special growing, processing or extraction, by the partial or total replacement of the tobacco with tobacco substitutes, or by varying the tobacco’s combustion temperatures. The second category is concerned with the dilution of the smoke before it enters the smoker’s mouth, as for example by the use of highly permeable cigarette paper or filter paper or by the perforation of the cigarette filter to allow air to be drawn directly into the smoke stream. The third category of proposals deals with the construction of the filter itself to achieve the high filtration or the selective removal of particulate matter.

While many of these proposals, individually or in combination, have been successfully commercialized, each reduction of the tar and nicotine yield and of irritating substances is accompanied by a corresponding reduced level of the resulting smoker satisfaction. Even the recently introduced so-called smokeless cigarettes have disappointed many analysts and smokers since they vary the customary smoking pleasures and routines. Further, although many substances have been isolated as carcinogenic, gross reduction of tar and nicotine yields and gross reduction of irritating substances do not selectively reduce the isolated carcinogen because these proposals do not selectively or effectively isolate these carcinogens. Recent sales data indicate that, despite various products purporting unique methods of maintaining taste satisfaction at reduced levels of tar and nicotine and irritant deliveries, sales of lowered tar and nicotine and irritant products, particularly those commercially classified as “ultra low tar and nicotine” products, are decreasing. Further in accordance with the preceding, the practical deficiency of products purporting to selectively or grossly remove substantially all of an isolated carcinogenic material is evidenced by recent
data which indicates that long-term cancer incidences have not, as one would have expected from the adoption of such products, been reduced but, rather, have increased. While reducing a smoker’s health concerns is of vital importance, many smokers at some reduced tar and nicotine level switch back to a higher tar and nicotine cigarettes, thereby invalidating the intended health benefits of them. Also, some smokers of the low tar and nicotine cigarettes have compensated by smoking more cigarettes or by more deeply inhaling the smoke of these cigarettes.

Additionally, no known cigarette or cigarette filter designs preferentially reduces or filters out any chemical compound, in particular, any carcinogens. Known cigarettes and cigarette filters also do not discriminate as to particulate matter or carcinogens.

To reduce the production of undesirable smoke components according to another known procedure the tobacco is homogenized and reconstituted into a suitable paper form after extraction or treatment. Since the flavors are not fully reconstituted thereby this transformation procedure has resulted in a marked reduction in the acceptability of these cigarettes.

Clearly then, the practice of reducing either tar and nicotine and irritant content or reducing specific carcinogenic matter content is severely limited in terms of the efficacy thereof for reducing irritants to which a smoker is exposed or for reducing the smoker’s continued exposure to the health risks associated with carcinogenic matter found in the smoke stream. This is evidenced by the smoker’s dissatisfaction with ultra low levels of tar and nicotines due to unacceptable low taste satisfaction. It is further
accepted that mere gross reductions in smoke stream constituents at the very least fail to reduce the isolated carcinogens below a concentration in the smoke stream that would be non-toxic, and, in the case of eliminating isolated carcinogens, is a deficient course of action.

Objects and Summary of the Invention

Accordingly, it is a primary object of the present invention to provide a novel cigarette construction which does not adversely effect or detract from the smoking satisfaction but does selectively reduce some specific associated health concerns and risks.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a novel smoking tobacco product which does not require the smoker to vary his normal smoking regime and which does not compromise the structure of the smoking tobacco product over the normal course of the manufacture, distribution, storage and handling of it.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a smoking tobacco product or article which inhibits in a non-toxic manner the selective localization of nitrosamines and metabolites thereof in the smoker’s respiratory tissues.

A still further object is to provide for the addition of a substance to a tobacco smoking product which reduces the smoker’s health risks from exposure to the tobacco smoke but does not require any varied manipulation of the product as it is being smoked.

Another object is to provide a novel cigarette construction which provides for the blocking of the localization of NNN in those inhaling the cigarette smoke and which can be manufactured according to current high speed rates of production of about 1,000-8,000 cigarettes per minute.

A further object is to provide a novel method for inhibiting the selective localization of nitrosamines and metabolites thereof from tobacco smoke in the tissues of a smoker (or those around him), and more particularly NNN and metabolites thereof.

A still further object is to provide a novel tobacco smoking article which does not reduce the presence of any substance in the smoke stream or require a reduction in the tars and nicotines and irritants therein, but does reduce the smoker’s associated health risks.

Another object is to provide a cigarette having a unique cigarette additive which is invisible to the eye and does not change the size, shape and feel of the cigarette, and thereby increases the likelihood that the cigarette will be purchased and smoked.

A further object is to provide a method of manufacturing cigarettes which offer smokers a new and significant reduction in their health risks and fully maintains the smoking satisfaction provided by today’s cigarettes.

A still further object is to provide an improved cigarette construction which provides full smoker approval and is in line with current science.

Another object is to provide an improved and novel method for delivering vitamins, and particularly Vitamin A, into the mouths and respiratory tracts of cigarette smokers.

A further object is to provide a process for manufacturing cigarettes which impose reduced health risks to the smokers thereof, and which do not suffer from significant loss of shelf life, stability, appearance and smoking pleasure.

A still further object is to provide an improved cigarette construction which can be run with little, if any, modification to the making lines in existing cigarette manufacturing facilities.

Another object is to provide an improved cigarette construction which adds no harmful vapors to the smoke stream thereof.

A further object is to provide an improved cigarette construction which reduces associated health risks without varying the customary cigarette taste, mouthfeel, handling and burning characteristics which smokers have come to expect.

A novel application of a blocking agent is proposed by this invention that has the effect of neutralizing the tobacco-specific nitrosamines without the problem of taste unacceptability associated with previous efforts to isolate and specifically remove carcinogenic compounds as discussed previously. This invention discloses a means of selectively blocking the biological activity of this carcinogen in the identified organs of the smoker’s body. Rather than a reduction of any element in the smoke stream, the introduction of a blocking agent in the smoke stream is thus called for herein. Remarkably, this blocking agent appears to be active only when in contact with the specific cell-receptors on or in the identified organs of the smoker’s body. Since there is no need for any reduction of the tar and nicotine content of the particular brand of cigarette smoked, there is no associated reduction in smoker taste satisfaction. Although many processes for incorporating the blocking alcohols in cigarettes, for example, are possible and are discussed herein in detail, a preferred process is to spray the alcohol(s) on the redried cut rag tobacco during the cigarette making procedure.

Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those persons having ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention pertains from the foregoing description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

Brief Description of the Drawings

FIG. 1 is a bar graph representation of inhibition test results for the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a first embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a second embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a third embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a side elevational view of the third embodiment of FIG. 4.

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a fourth embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a fifth embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a key portion of a sixth embodiment of the present invention illustrated in isolation.

FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a key portion of a seventh embodiment of the present invention illustrated in isolation.

FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a cigarette illustrating the alternative locations for the sixth and seventh embodiments of FIGS. 8 and 9.

General Discussion of the Invention

According to the present invention, a tobacco smoking product or article has been discovered whereby the selective localization of nitrosamines, such as NNN and metabolites thereof, in at least three of the mammalian tissues in which these compounds are known to accumulate is inhibited by additives in the tobacco smoke stream. These tissues are the bronchial epithelium, the salivary duct epithelium and the liver, and not coincidentally, these are the same mammalian tissues in which nitrosamines, such as NNN and metabolites thereof, appear to function as carcinogens.

NNN is one of the most abundant carcinogens found in cigarette smoke and cancerous tumors form where NNN accumulates such as in the lung. While the actual biochemical process involved herein has not yet been precisely determined, the NNN alcohol blockers of this invention are thought to work in one of the following ways: either the blocking molecules bind with surface cell receptors of the tissue cells at the sites of localization of NNN, such as in the lung, liver and salivary duct, thereby preventing the binding of NNN and its carcinogenic metabolites; or, alternatively, the blocking molecules bind with cell receptors within the tissue cells at these sites, either blocking or altering the process by which NNN is metabolized within the cell and thereby preventing the formation of the carcinogenic metabolites of NNN. In other words, the blocking molecules have the effect of either “jamming the lock” (the cell receptor) and preventing the “NNN key” (the molecule) from entering, or altering the “NNN key” so that it will no longer fit in the “lock”. Unable to enter or dock in the tissue, the NNN then passes harmlessly out of the lung.

The present invention then is directed to methods for inhibiting the selective localization of nitrosamines and metabolites thereof in mammalian tissues, and not to the treatment of tumors. In other words, the subject invention is not directed to the treatment of tumors or cancers but rather is concerned with delocalizing nitrosamines and metabolites thereof, i.e., chemicals, which tend to selectively localize in mammalian tissue. In fact, the tobacco smoking products or articles of the present invention can be effective particularly where tumors are not present.

Surprisingly, it has been discovered that certain alcohols inhibit this selective localization of nitrosamines such as NNN and metabolites thereof. The alcohols which are operable according to the invention include alcohols having two or more carbons. However, it is preferable to use alcohols having alkyl groups of at least three carbons or greater. The alkyl groups may have a straight-chain or branched chain structure. Moreover, the alkyl groups may have a cyclic or acyclic structure. Examples of alcohols which may be used are ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, sec-butanol, isobutanol, t-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol or “active” amyl alcohol, n-amyl alcohol, secamyl alcohol, t-amyl alcohol, n-hexyl alcohol and cyclohexanol. Other chemical compounds which have also been found to delocalize nitrosamines are dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), imidazole, pyrazole, diethyldithiocarbamate, and benzylisothiocyanate. These and other alcohols and compounds of the present invention are listed below in Table I. A preferred alcohol of this list when delivered in the tobacco smoke stream are the cyclohexanols as they add little taste to the smoke and have a pleasant odor. It has been specifically noted that the alcohol menthol does not inhibit nitrosamine localization as do the compounds encompassed by this invention. ANY QUESTIONS?

LET’S LEARN MORE ABOUT THIS MAGICAL
PROCESS
MANUFACTURING CIGARETTES
Conditioned tobacco is sent to the fabrication floor where cigarettes are produced. Tobacco is fed onto cigarette paper, producing one continuous cigarette rod. The cigarette rod is cut into individual cigarettes and a filter is attached. Individual cigarettes are fed to the packing machine. The packer groups the cigarettes in groups of 20, folds the package around them, wraps the pack with cellophane, inserts the pack into cartons and places the cartons in a box. Most conditioning and manufacturing plants are completely automated. Modern cigarette makers can produce up to 22,000 cigarettes every minute.
CONDITIONING TOBACCO AND MANUFACTURING CIGARETTES

Science meets technology in the conditioning and manufacturing of cigarettes. Conditioning cured tobacco leaves is a complicated process involving the control of moisture and temperature to produce tobacco leaves that are ready to be manufactured. Large cigarette manufacturing companies can produce as many as 22,000 cigarettes every minute.
YES FRIENDS, EVERY MINUTE MORE TOXINS ARE BEING PRODUCED TO POLUTE OUR AIR AND KILL OUR CITIZENS. AND THE END RESULT IS…
HEALTH AND SMOKING

Nicotine is the addictive chemical in tobacco that keeps people smoking. Tars and gases in tobacco smoke cause cancer, heart and respiratory disease, as well as other illnesses. Smoking kills more people than AIDS, alcohol, cocaine, homicide, suicide, motor vehicle crashes and fires combined.
WANT TO KNOW WHY THIS IS TRUE?
WELL, PERHAPS IT HAS SOMETHING TO DO
WITH WHAT THE PRODUCERS ADD TO THE
CIGARETTES BEFORE THEY PRODUCE THEM. THIS IS THE LIST…

MONOHYDRIC ALCOHOLS:
POLYHYDRIC ALCOHOLS: Ethyl alcohol Ethylene glycol n-Propyl alcohol 1,2-Propanediol Isopropyl alcohol 1,3-Propanediol
(tri-methylene glycol)
Allyl alcohol 1,3-Butanediol Crotyl alcohol 1,4-Butanediol n-Butyl alcohol 2,3-Butanediol Isobutyl alcohol 1,5-Pentanediol sec-Butyl alcohol 1,6-Hexanediol t-Butyl alcohol 1,10-Decanediol
2-pentanol Pinacol 3-pentanol Gylcerol n-Amyl alcohol 1,2,4,Butanetriol Isoamyl alcohol 1,2,6-Hexanetriol t-Amyl alcohol
2-methyl-1-butanol
COMPOUNDS WITH
3-methyl-2-butanol
RESONANT HYDROXYL
Neopentyl alcohol SPECIES
Cyclopentanol Dimethyl-Sulfoxide (DMSO) n-Hexyl alcohol
2-hexanol
3-hexanol
2-methyl-1-amyl
3-methyl-1-amyl Cyclohexanol n-Octyl alcohol Capryl alcohol n-Decyl alcohol Lauryl alcohol
Myristyl alcohol
Cetyl alcohol
Stearyl alcohol
Benzyl alcohol
Benzhydrol
Cinnamyl alcohol
Triphenylcarbinol
______________________________________

The amount of alcohol which is applied may be any amount which is greater than the threshold amount needed to effect nitrosamine delocalization in the affected mammalian tissues, but less than an amount which would produce any toxic side effects in the mammal. For oral administration of the alcohols of the present invention, about 1 ul of an alcohol is used per gram of mammalian body weight. The amounts of alcohols contemplated for use by inhalation herein fall far short of the dosages required for toxic effects. Also, the higher alcohols have low toxicity; their toxic effect is restricted to the sedation of the central nervous system. Table II below summarizes the toxicological properties of some typical alcohols. Kirk-Othmer: Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol. 1, at 727 (1978) and The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Vol. 2 (1977).
TABLE II
______________________________________
Alcohol Acute Oral LD.sub.50.sup.a rats g/kg
______________________________________
ethanol 14 n-propyl 5.4 isopropyl 5.84 n-butyl 0.79 isobutyl 2.46 t-butyl 3.5 n-amyl 3.03 sec-amyl 1.47 iso-amyl 1.30 t-amyl 1.0 hexyl.sup.b 3.7 cyclohexyl 2.06 “active”-amyl 4.9 (e.g. 2-methyl-1-butanol) retinol 2.0 menthol 3.18 4-methyl-2-pentanol
2.6 2-ethyl hexanol 3.2-7.1 isoctyl.sup.b 1.5 decyl.sup.b 4.7-9.8 dodecanol, 98% 40 (coconut derived) hexadecanol 20 octadecanol 20
______________________________________
.sup.a The dose resulting in the death to 50% of the test animals,
expressed in terms of g of materials per kg of body weight.
.sup.b mixed isomers.

The values for acute oral toxicity may be compared to an LD.sub.50 of about 3.75 g/Kg for sodium chloride with rats. A substance with an LD.sub.50 of fifteen g/KG or above is generally considered to be nontoxic By comparison, the estimated acutely fatal oral dose of nicotine, present in tobacco for an adult human is one mg/kg of body weight. Principles of Internal Medicine, Harrison 9th Edit., Section 18 (1975). Thus, as the alcohols of the present invention are used in dilute aqueous solutions, one skilled in the art can easily achieve the desired delocalization effect of the present invention while avoiding the toxic side-effects of an overdose.

In addition to introducing potential carcinogens by smoking, smoking has also been linked with the depletion of certain B vitamins in the smoker. Furthermore, Vitamins C and E have been shown to prevent the formation of nitrosamines on epithelial membranes; in addition, Vitamin A and retinoids inhibit tumor development. Selenium and other agents also inhibit tumor development. Inhibition of Tumor Induction and Development; N. S. Zedeck, M. Lipkin, Prenum Press, N.Y. 1981. Hence, it is within the scope of the present invention to combine the alcohols with various vitamins and other agents which are known to be depleted by smoking, to inhibit nitrosamine formation or to inhibit tumor development. Moreover, the amounts to be used of such vitamins or other agents such as selinium would in view of the subject disclosure be within the knowledge ad abilities of one skilled in the art. Inhibition of Tumor Induction and Development, supra.

Examples of the present invention are now provided for purposes of clarity. However, it is understood that these examples are in no way intended to limit the scope of the present invention.

Example 1

Adult male, C57BL/6J mice were injected intravenously with 0.12 to 0.19 uci/g body weight, corresponding to a dose of 0.4 to 1.9 mg/Kg of [2′-.sup.14 C] NNN (New England Nuclear; Spec. Act. 18.4 or 51.7 mCi/mmol). One hour later, the mice were anesthetized lightly with ether and frozen by immersion in dry ice/hexane. Twenty u-thick whole-body sagittal sections of the frozen mice were taken onto Scotch tape and were then processed for whole-body autoradiography by known methods. See W. Waddell et al, Drug Fate and Metabolism: Methods and Techniques, E.R. Garrett and J. L. Hirtz, Eds. (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1977 at p 1-25). Photometric density in areas of the developed autoradiographs was measured with an ADG Instruments photometer and a photocell with an aperture of three mm lying on the easel of a photographic enlarger. The X-ray film was placed in the enlarger and raised to produce a magnification of thirty-five times on the easel.

Aqueous solutions of ethanol, n-butanol and t-butanol were administered by oral intubation to some of the mice twenty minutes before receiving the [.sup.14 C] NNN. Ethanol (1g/Kg and 5g/Kg) and n- and t- butanol (0.2 g/Kg and 1 g/Kg) solutions were prepared so that each mouse received 0.02 ml/g body weight. (Twenty minutes is the average time it takes for alcohols introduced by oral intubation into mice to reach the peak blood level.)

The autoradiographs revealed that the localization of radioactivity in salivary duct and bronchial epithelium and in both periportal and central areas of the liver was reduced by applying ethanol (a chemopreventative agent of this invention) and to a greater extent with n-butanol. At the high dosage, t-butanol almost completely abolished the localization of [.sup.14 C] NNN in bronchial epithelium. Furthermore, the reduction in photometric density was dose related. FIG. 1 shows the absorbancies of the areas measured with the densitometer. Control experiments were conducted for comparison.

More particularly, FIG. 1 shows the means of the absorbancies from the photometric densitometer for the four areas in which inhibition of localization of radioactivity was seen. The number within each bar thereof represents the dose in g/kg of that alcohol which was administered orally twenty minutes before the [.sup.14 C] NNN was given intravenously. The mice were frozen one hour after receiving the [.sup.14 C] NNN. The means for each mouse were from fifteen measurements on random areas of that site (five absorbancies on each of three autoradiographs) after setting blood in each on zero. The control value is the mean from six mice; the n-butanol at 1 g/kg is from two mice; the other means are from one mouse. The coefficient of variation of each mean was less than ten percent. All measurements were made at one occasion by the same observer who had no knowledge of the treatment of each randomly selected autoradiograph.

Further details and explanation of Example 1 are set forth in the article authored by William J. Waddell, M.D. and Carolyn Marlowe, entitled “Inhibition by Alcohols of the Localization of
Radioactive Nitrosonornicotine in Sites of Tumor Formation,” Science, Vol. 221, pp. 51-53, July 1, 1983. A recent article relative to the metabolism of NNN in the liver is M. F. Hughes et al., “Characterization of covalent binding of Nnitrosonornicotine in rat liver microsomes”, Carcinogenesis, Vol. 7. (1986).

Example 2

An adult C57BL/6J mouse was placed in a beaker with an elevated screen floor which had two ml of cyclohexanol beneath the floor on the bottom of the beaker, and the top of the beaker was then covered with foil. The mouse was kept in the closed beaker for about five minutes as the bottom of the beaker was maintained at 50.degree. C. in a water bath. By referring to standard tables, it was calculated that at
50.degree. C. the vapor pressure of cyclohexanol imparts an alcohol concentration of 0.01% in the air in the beaker. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (1979) at D-203 to D-217.

After five minutes in the beaker, the mouse was injected intravenously with 0.12 to 0.19 ucu/g body weight, corresponding to a dose of 0.4 to 1.9 mg/kg of [2.sup.1 .sup.14 C] NNN (New England Nuclear; Spec. Act. 18.4 or 51.7 mCi/Mmol). One hour later, the mouse was anesthetized lightly by ether and frozen by immersion in dry ice/hexane. Twenty u-thick whole-body, sagittal sections of the frozen mouse were taken onto Scotch tape and processed for wholebody autoradiography as in Example 1. No radioactivity was detected in any part of the bronchial epithelium. Control experiments were conducted for comparison purposes and radioactivity was detected in the respiratory epithelium in the controls.

Example 3

Example 2 was duplicated, except that the mouse was kept in the closed beaker for five minutes as the bottom of the beaker was maintained at 26.degree. C. in a water bath. By referring to standard tables, it was calculated that at 26.degree. C. the vapor pressure of cyclohexanol imparts an alcohol concentration of 0.001% in the air in the beaker. After injection as in Example 2, the mouse was processed in the same manner as in Example 2. No radioactivity was detected in any part of the bronchial epithelium in contrast to the control experiment.

Example 4

An adult male C57BL/6J mouse was injected intraperitoneally with 0.02 ml/g body weight of a solution of imidazole in water. The imidazole solution concentration was such that 0.05 g of imidazole was delivered per kg of body weight. Twenty minutes after injection, the mouse was injected intravenously with 0.12 to 1.9 uci/g body weight, corresponding to a dose of 0.4 to 1.9 mg/kg of [2′-.sup.14 C] NNN (New England Nuclear; Spec. Act 18.4 or 51.7 mCi/mmol). One hour later, the mouse was anesthetized lightly with ether and frozen by immersion in dry ice/hexane. Twenty u-thick whole-body, sagittal sections of the frozen mouse were taken onto Scotch tape and the sections were then processed for whole-body autoradiography by known methods. See Example 1. Significant nitrosamine delocalization was discovered in the mouse injected with the imidazole solution relative to that in the control mouse.

Example 5

Example 4 was duplicated except that the adult mouse was injected intraperitoneally with 0.02 ml/g body weight of a solution of imidazole in water, wherein the solution concentration was such that 0.25 g of imidazole was delivered per kg of body weight. After conducting the rest of the experiment as in Example 3, significant delocalization of nitrosamine was found in the mouse injected with the imidazole solution relative to that in a control mouse.

From inspection of FIG. 1, the greatest inhibition was observed with the t-butanol in bronchial epithelium. The reductions were similar in both areas of the liver for all three alcohols at the doses used. There were no significant differences between the control and treated groups in the absorbancies in nasal and esophageal epithelium. The results strongly suggest that the use of an alcohol of this invention as a chemopreventative agent inhibits the localization of the proximal carcinogen in bronchial and salivary duct epithelium and in liver, but not in nasal and esophageal epithelium in male, C57BL/6J mice. On a molar dose, t-butanol has approximately fifty times the potency of ethanol in inhibiting the localization in bronchial epithelium.

The specificity of inhibition in some sites suggests that one of several mechanisms may be involved. One mechanism which may be involved is a competitive inhibition mechanism with either secondary alcohol dehydrogenase or cytochrome P450.sub.LM3a being involved. With either of these systems, it is thought that the alcohols of the present invention might compete successfully with the a-hydroxy NNN substrate to prevent the formation of the proximal carcinogen. While it is possible that a simple solvent effect may be involved, the site specificity and marked potency differences of the alcohols strongly favor metabolic inhibition.

Another possible explanation for the invention is set forth as follows. It is generally accepted that covalent modification of DNA by chemical carcinogens, or their metabolites, is the key step in the initiation of the carcinogenic process (S. S. Hecht, Chemical Carcinogensis: An Overview, Drug Mechanisms, 8th
Annual Meeting, NACB, Washington, D.C., 1984, Clin. Physiol, Biochem, 3:89-97, 1985). DNA bases have many nucleophilic sites which readily react with electron deficient, or electrophilic, carcinogen metabolites (Hecht; E. J. LaVoie, S.S.
Hecht, Chemical Carcinogens: In Vitro Metabolism and
Activation; in Hazard Assessment of Chemicals, Current
Developments, Vol 1, pp 155-169, Academic Press, New York, 1981). The conversion to an electrophilic metabolite that reacts with DNA is, accordingly, the unifying property among the many structurally diverse chemical carcinogens (Hecht).

The metabolic pathway of the TSNA’s NNN and NNK have been studied in rats and hamsters (U.S. Department of Health, The Health Consequences of Smoking, A Report of the Surgeon
General, 1982) and in the marmoset monkey (A. Castonguay, H. Tjalave, N. Trushin, R. d’Argy and G. Sperber, “Metabolism and Tissue Distribution of Tobacco Specific N-Nitrosamines in the Marmoset Monkey”, Carcinogensis, Vol 6, No 11, pp 15431550, 1985). The metabolic activation of NNN and NNK in rats, hamsters and monkeys most likely starts with a-carbon hydroxylation (U.S. Dept. of Health; Castonguay). The initial hydroxylation is likely mediated by the cytochrome P-450 oxidase system (M. F. Hughes, W. J. Brock, L. J. Marion and M. Vore, “Characterization of Covalent Binding of N-
Nitrosonornicotine in Rat Liver Microsomes”, Carcinogensis 7(1): pp 3-8, 1986; Hecht). The electrophilic diazohydroxide intermediates of NNN and NNK are identical (U.S. Dept. of Health). These electrophilic intermediates, or the resulting carbonium ions, are probably the ultimate carcinogenic form of TSNA’s (U.S. Dept. of Health). The electrophilic intermediates or the carbonium ions then react with the DNA to form the TSNA-DNA binding adduct.

Autoradiographic and biochemical reports have shown that the metabolites of NNN and NNK bind to macromolecules of the tracheobronchial and nasal mucosa and to the kidney, liver, sublingual and sumaxillary glands, esophagus, and melanin of the eye (U.S. Dept. of Health). This organ specific binding may come about by the mediation of a second enzyme interaction. This secondary mechanism is poorly understood, however. To date, no study has characterized the liver microsomal enzyme-mediated binding of TSNA’s to tissue of nucleophiles (Hughes). There have been no studies of other organ specific enzymes and their mediated binding of TSNA’s to tissue nucleophiles.

It is believed, however, that the blocking compound or alcohol of this invention interrupts the ordinary metabolism of the TSNA. In any event, it is not necessary to restrict the present invention by basing it on any particular theory.

In order to inhibit the selective localization of nitrosamines, such as NNN and metabolites thereof, the alcohols of the present invention can be administered by several different techniques. However, the means of application must be able to accomplish four objectives, namely, (1) delivery of the alcohol in high concentration only or primarily to desired sites of action, e.g., respiratory epithelium, (2) delivery only during the time interval of maximal exposure to the smoke, (3) delivery only or primarily to the smoker and (4) minimal exposure of other organs in the smoker’s body to the inhibitory substance. The present invention is directed particularly to constructions of tobacco smoking products for delivering the alcohols in the tobacco smoke stream to the smoker and which fulfill these objectives. It is more particularly directed to cigarettes which fulfill these objectives and processes for manufacturing those cigarettes.

Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments

There are a variety of techniques by which these objectives may be satisfied while achieving nitrosamine delocalization. For example and generally speaking, the alcohols can be encapsulated in rupturable capsules filled with one or more alcohols of this invention and mixed with tobacco prior to smoking, as in a pipe, or the rupturable capsules may be placed directly in the tobacco or filter of a cigar or cigarette during the manufacture thereof. Alternatively, the rupturable capsules can be placed inside a disposable filter which can be placed on a cigar or cigarette, or a disposable smoke filter having a cylindrical body of plastic or paper which contains rupturable capsules containing one or more alcohols of the present invention can be provided. It is also within the scope of the invention to use any combination of the alcohol placement or fixation mechanisms mentioned or suggested herein within a single tobacco smoking article or product, e.g. cigarette.

One preferred construction for delivering these alcohols in the smoke stream of a tobacco article is to microencapsulate the alcohol and then to position the microcapsules within the article. It is noted that encapsulation initially isolates the alcohol and provides for the controlled release thereof so it can then interact with its smoke stream environment. The shell wall microencapsulation construction should be sufficiently compatible with the alcohol contained therein to retain the alcohol until such time as the heat of the smoke causes the shell to open. In other words, the microcapsule is stable within the cigarette and then is heat triggered and the alcohol therein controllably released. Encapsulation that melts, as opposed to volatizes, prevents the introduction into the smoke stream of vapors which are ordinarily a by-product of the volatilization of the shell wall. The alcohols are thereby automatically released for the convenience of the smoker so that he does not have to further manipulate the smoking product, and so to ensure a more consistent release.

As shown in FIG. 2, these microencapsulated alcohols 20 can be placed in the cigarette shown generally at 22, the plug wrap 23, the acetate filter 24, in the cigarette tobacco rod 26 thereof mixed evenly into the cut rag tobacco 28 and/or in the filter 24. The dosage will be determined by the time weighted average (TWA) (for a normal eight hour workday and forty hour workweek) of the alcohol in the human such that sufficient alcohols are delivered to block the cell receptors with little waste or excess delivery. The dosage may also be varied according to the blend variables such as low tar blends, ultra low tars, full flavor blends, menthol blends, and blends of the various branded cigarettes.

A shell wall construction referred to as the M-CAP Process of Insulation Technologies Corporation of Darby, Pa. can be used. The general specification of the M-CAP shell walls are capsules as small as three microns with melt temperatures of sixty-four to six hundred and fifty degrees Fahrenheit. The rate of controlled release should generally be constant but it can be varied. More particularly, capsules with varied melt temperatures can be included in a single cigarette to ensure a constant release of the alcohols therein as the coal burns down the tobacco rod and the higher temperatures impact the filter section thereof. Where the rate control is designed to vary, the shell material, thickness and/or capsule size can be varied. The M-CAP construction provides for uniform capsule size and for capsules smaller than fifty microns.

The encapsulation material of the shell wall can be ELVAX (ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers) or a similar cellulite material having the desired characteristics of a programmable shell wall release temperature of between sixty-four and six hundred and fifty degrees Fahrenheit. ELVAX is an ethylene vinyl acetate resin, such as described in the “Material Safety Data Sheet – VAX001,” dated 10/20/86, of E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. (Inc.) of Wilmington, Del. A second possible shell wall material is EUDRAGIT E, which is a cationic copolymer synthesized from dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and neutral methacrylic acid ester, and can form a rapidly disintegrating film coating. Other shell well candidates include BERMOCOLL which is an ethylhydroryethylcellulose manufactured by Berol Kemi AB of Stenungsund, Sweden, and also K & K Gelatin, which is a gelatin manufactured by Kind & Knox, which is a division of Knox Gelatine, Inc., of Saddle Brook, N.J.

N-LOK, which is an emulsion stabilizing material (55-129), is an alternative encapsulation product. A description for it is found in the “Product Data: Bulletin No. 447”, of National Starch and Chemical Corporation, Food Products Division, of Bridgewater, N.J.

Another construction of this invention is to encapsulate the blocking alcohol, such as cyclohexanol, in a modified starch material from a slurry bath thereof. An example of suitable such material is CAPSUL which is described in “Product Data: Bulletin No. 409” of National Starch and Chemical Corporation, Food Products Division, of Bridgewater, New Jersey. CAPSUL is made from waxy maize, is especially suited for encapsulation, and has exhibited ease of dispersibility of the encapsulated fluid (especially for flavor oils) and excellent shelf-life stability.

The shell wall should comprise between twenty and fifty percent of capsule volume for stability so as to resist rupture in the making, packing and consumer handling of the cigarette. The capsules should be three to ten microns in circumference when placed on the inside of the cigarette paper or when mixed into the tobacco so as to avoid undesired bumpiness on the cigarette paper and to remain invisible if placed in the tobacco. Larger circumferences up to fifty microns are acceptable if the capsules are placed in the cigarette filter. The capsules can be further hardened with a plasticizer to control their melt temperatures. Further, the capsules can be dyed with suitable food dyes to match the color of the cigarette tobacco. It is also within the scope of the present invention to assure further stability by double encapsulating the capsules, as for example by the M-CAP or coacervation processes.

One way of attaching the capsules to the cigarette paper according to one construction of the invention is that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,236,532. The microencapsulated alcohols may be attached, in addition to the cigarette paper, to the plug wrap or contained in the filter of the cigarette either evenly disbursed or within the center of gravity of a triple gas trap filter construction, as shown generally at 30 in FIG. 3. Such a triple gas trap filter construction can have a plasticized containment system to minimize leakage from the ruptured capsules.

Alternatively, the capsules can be attached to the cigarette paper or plug wrap via a common gelatin or starch paste coating. The capsules may be mixed into the adhesive, and the paper may be coated via a processing through a slurry bath, similar to the method of attachment by carbonless paper. The capsules preferably are positioned in the filter section and not in the tobacco rod to thereby mask any undesirable popping or crackling noises that may be associated with the release of the alcohol.

Another delivery mechanism construction of the present invention is a twin filter plug, as illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5. The twin plug filter section 40 of a cigarette shown generally at 42 is generally twenty to thirty mm in length with twentyfive mm being the most popular length. The twin filter plug 40 is used wherein a ten mm filter pack filter section 44 and a fifteen mm filter section 46 are placed end-to-end in the cigarette section. Each plug is encased in a separate plug wrap and the twin plugs are overwrapped by the plug wrap and then the tipping paper. The ten mm filter pack section 44 is placed against the tobacco rod 48 with the fifteen mm section disposed behind the ten mm section. The ten mm section 44 contains the encapsulated alcohols dispersed uniformly along its longitudinal axis. The capsules can have a circumference and shell wall thickness as described above. The shell wall release temperatures are preferably programmed, as previously mentioned, to be between sixty-five and six hundred and fifty degrees Fahrenheit to ensure a continuous release from the first lower temperature draw of the cigarette through the last draw thereof which incidentally is generally the hottest draw. Flavor enhancers may be added to the ten mm section 44 as part of the encapsulated material. As the smoke stream is drawn through the section 44, the capsule shell walls melt and the encapsulated alcohols are thereby released and then carried by the smoke stream into the section 46, which has a conventional cellulose acetate construction for ordinary filtration thereof, before exiting the cigarette 42 into the smoker’s respiratory system.

The filter pack section 44 can contain the encapsulated alcohols with the programmed shell walls, flavor reconstitutors, and Vitamin A or other additives as mentioned herein. An example of the inclusion of vitamins is found in U.S. Pat. No. 3,339,558. Additional flavor enhancers may be added, if needed, to reconstitute the desired taste characteristics of the smoke after the smoke has absorbed the blocking compounds. The teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 3,144,024, which illustrates the construction of a filter for use with smoking tobacco which is impregnated with a flavoring composition, can be used to design a device effecting the present invention. This filter section would preferably have all of these materials aligned on the longitudinal axis and dispersed radially therefrom.

It is also within the scope of this invention to add esters and alcohols without encapsulation, or to process the alcohols with an ester.

It is further within the scope of this invention to impregnate the rag tobacco, rolling papers or smoking filters with the alcohols of this invention, and the alcohol vapor is thereby released and inhaled when the item is smoked. The paper wrapper can be dipped in the alcohol and then wrapped around the cigarette before the outer wrapper and foil of each pack is overwrapped. After a few weeks of storage the alcohol will diffuse into the cigarettes. This is similar to a method used to place menthol in cigarettes, and is a very simple, relatively effective and inexpensive technique of this invention. It may also be that this impregnating embodiment would reduce the health concerns and risks associated with passive smoking.

An alternative method of incorporating the alcohol in the cigarette so that it is efficiently released in the tobacco smoke stream and without adversely impacting the cigarette’s stability and the resulting smoker satisfaction is to “print” it on the inside of the cigarette paper. More specifically, the gravure printing process can be used to place microcapsules containing one or more alcohols of this invention on the inside of the cigarette paper. By this process an “ink” is created consisting of a slurry medium which contains the microcapsules. The ink is fed into an ordinary printing machine and the printer applies or places the ink on the cigarette paper.

As shown in FIG. 6, the microencapsulated alcohols can be coated or implanted in the cigarette 50 on the cigarette paper 52 in strips 54 or randomly throughout, and/or in the tipping paper 56 in strips 58 or randomly throughout the paper, and/or in the barrel wrap in strips or randomly throughout the paper. Alternatively or in combination therewith, as shown in FIG. 2, they can be positioned either randomly or in a predetermined pattern in the filter and/or the rag tobacco. Another method is to spray the alcohol(s) as by an atomizer in the filter before smoking the cigarette.

Yet another mechanism for causing the alcohols to be
delivered in the smoke stream of a cigarette 60 is to provide a double gas trap filter as best shown at 62 in FIG. 7. It is seen therein that the central cavity 64 of the filter 66 contains microencapsulated alcohols and/or crystalized alcohols and/or alcohol impregnated charcoals 68 such that the alcohol vapors are released when the cigarette 60 is smoked. The cavity 62 can also be lined with a membrane sufficient to prevent any leakage therefrom or moisture spoilage.

The microencapsulated alcohols can also be positioned in the cigarette 70 in a suspension device as shown generally at 72 in FIG. 8. The suspension device 72 can comprise plastic spokes 76 secured to a rigid plastic hub 78 which is flush with the outside circumference of the cigarette barrel. The microencapsulated alcohols 82 are suspended on the spokes 76 and in the hub 78 and released into the smoke stream 84 when the cigarette is smoked. By way of further explanation a typical cigarette 90 including a tobacco rod 92, and adjacent filter 94 and overlapping tipping paper 96 is illustrated in FIG. 10. The suspension device 74 can be positioned at any of locations 98, 100 or 102 as denoted therein.

A suction release double trap 15 illustrated in isolation generally at 110 in FIG. 9 may also be inserted at any of locations 98, 100 or 102 of FIG. 10. The double trap 110 comprises a first trap 112, a second trap 114 and a rubberized membrane 116 dividing them. The first trap 112 contains the microencapsulated and/or crystalline alcohols, and is sealed on its tip side with the membrane 116. The membrane 116 when ruptured by suction releases the packing of contained alcohols into the second trap 114. The second trap comprises a plastic cell that contains the released alcohols, and provides a maximum surface exposure to the smoke stream 118 of the alcohols and also prevents their leakage from the cigarette.

It is also within the scope of this invention to place the alcohol containing elements anywhere inside the filter including via a large capsule placed inside the filter to be manually or automatically ruptured by other than heat means, as by piercing, squeezing or crushing. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos.
3,547,130, and 3,339,558.

The alcohols may also be contained in a cigarette holder. A holder construction (not shown) can be generally up to threequarters of the length of the standard, eighty-four millimeter filtered cigarette, and made of plastic. The butt end of the cigarette is secured in an open end of the holder by squeezing or compressing the cigarette to fit in that open end. The other end of the holder tapers down for placement in the smoker’s mouth. With generally any available cigarette then fitted into the holder, the blocking alcohol(s) are controllably released from the holder and into the smoke stream as the cigarette is smoked. Reference is hereby made to U.S. Pat. No. 3,713,451 which shows a capsule containing a small fill of aromatic tobacco retained in a mouthpiece positioned adjacent and behind the filter. The hot smoke releases the volatile flavorings within the capsule into the smoke stream as the cigarette is smoked.

The alcohols of this invention can also be administered in a smoking pipe construction (not shown) or special pipe tobacco formulation as would be apparent to one skilled in the art from this disclosure.

The present invention is also an extension of the technology disclosed in International Application No. PCT/US87/01978 of C. A. Blockers, Inc., of Louisville, Ky., entitled “Tobacco Smoking Article”. A preferred method of delivering one or more of the blocking alcohols or compounds of the invention, as set forth in that international application, into the smoke stream of a tobacco smoking article, such as a cigarette, is to spray the alcohol(s) onto the redried, cut rag tobacco leaf during the manufacture of the smoking article (cigarette) so that the finished cigarette contains the alcohol in its tobacco section or rod. The alcohol preferably should remain stable in the cigarette until the cigarette is smoked at which time the alcohol is heat released into the smoke stream to be inhaled by the smoker. To avoid excessive evaporation, the alcohol is sprayed on the cut rag tobacco during the cigarette manufacturing procedure following redrying, and the alcohol is then allowed to soak into the rag tobacco. Also, to be most effective the amount of alcohol sprayed onto the tobacco must be a quantity sufficient to ensure a transfer of alcohol molecules into the volume of smoke inhaled by the smoker equal to the number of molecules of nitrosamines (or at least the NNN or the NNK molecules) present in that same volume of smoke.

On the other hand, the quantity of alcohol transferred and inhaled by the smoker must be at a safe amount and less than the maximum volumetric concentrations permitted for each alcohol by any applicable government regulation, such as in the United States those of the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Time Weighted Average (TWA).
Other helpful guidelines are published by the Flavoring Extract Manufacturers’ Association (Generally Regarded As Safe list), and the Hunter Committee from Great Britain. If a substance has not been evaluated in the literature, the toxicity of that substance (alcohol) should be evaluated before use. Compounds or alcohols herein are analyzed individually and the toxicity of a mixture of compounds is assumed to be the toxicity of the most toxic individual substance in the compound. It is expected that 1-1000 micrograms (and more particularly approximately 800 micrograms) of the blocking alcohol(s) would be needed on the rag tobacco for a cigarette containing 400-1200 milligrams (and more particularly approximately 800 milligrams) of tobacco. Yet another way of defining the quantity of alcohol is its concentration in air, which should be about 0.1% to 0.001% (see Example 3, supra).

While the cigarette industry is largely self-regulating as regards additives and materials in the cigarette, manufacturers make every effort to determine that new additives are safe for human exposure. There are a number of resources that guide manufacturers. For instance, OSHA has since 1972 tested the maximum exposure limits (TWA) of many common substances in order to determine at what point exposure to a substance becomes toxic to humans and at what point exposure is non-toxic. GRAS and the Hunter Commission, as well as studies from other nations, expand this list. Accordingly, in considering what solvent additive should be placed into the cigarette, toxicologic data for candidate compounds are reviewed. Compounds with published, specific TWA’s are immediately applicable for human exposure so long as that exposure is at or below stated limits. Since this invention includes many alcohols without stated limits, the additional alcohols would then become available for inclusion in a commercially-available cigarette only after further toxicological studies on them are completed.

Further, the alcohols selected and sprayed on the tobacco
must have physical properties such that the cigarette can be machined at current cigarette production rates and the alcohol still remains stable in the cigarette until smoked. For instance, the blocking alcohol preferably should have a vapor pressure low enough to avoid excessive evaporation over the course of the cigarette’s shelf life, should not cause moisture spotting or wetting of the tobacco at loads sufficient to transfer and block in the lung, and should not change in chemistry during the pyrolysis of the tobacco.

Importantly, the TLV for the alcohol must be sufficient to effect the desired blocking action. Fortunately, much is now understood about the metabolic pathway of this family of carcinogens and clear guidance is provided by the literature in consideration of a compound’s potential effectiveness. For instance, it is known that chemical compounds must be first metabolized into a DNA-binding intermediate. This metabolism is mediated by enzymatic action. While there may be any number of enzymes, there are a finite number of molecules of TSNA available for metabolism. Accordingly, on the basis of an equal molar theory, an effective compound should be measurable in the inhaled smoke stream on a 1:1 molecular basis. Discussion herein of an equal molar theory should, however, not limit the scope of this invention as it is possible, but not now known, that a fraction of the solvent may entirely block the nitrosamines.

Sample Calculations

Cyclohexanol appears to meet these criteria. OSHA considers eight continuous hours in an atmosphere containing two hundred milligrams of cyclohexanol per cubic meter of air to be safe. Approximately ten percent, in a range of five to twenty percent, of the initial load on the tobacco is transferred into the volume of smoke inhaled by the smoker in the course of smoking one cigarette.

Surprisingly, under an equal molar matching theory, this level of cyclohexanol is many times higher than the minimum amount of blocker required to match the total molecular concentration of inhaled nitrosamines, as follows:

Concentration of tobacco specific nitrosamines delivered by a fully smoked filtered cigarette is given in the range of 140 nanograms to 830 nanograms with specific ranges shown in
Table III (Hoffman, D., LaVoie, E. J., and Hecht, S. S., Cancer Letters, 26 (1985) 67-75.)
TABLE III
______________________________________
Nitrosamines delivered in cigarette smoke from filtered cigarettes:
Average Molecular Concentration Range
Weight (Nanograms per Cigarette)
______________________________________
NNN 177 50-310
NNK 207 30-150
NATB + 190 60-370
NABS*
______________________________________
NNN Nnitrosonornicotine
NNK 4(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone
NATB Nnitrosoanatabine
NABS Nnitrosanabasine

For the highest concentrations of nitrosamines given in Table III, the amount of block required to match the molecular concentrations at these upper limits are calculated and given in Table IV below.

It can be seen that when the highest level of all the nitrosamines are to be blocked by cyclohexanol, the blocker concentration at the TWA value of OSHA provides 142 times more material than required in molecular matching of cyclohexanol with all nitrosamine molecules present.
TABLE IV
______________________________________
Blocking of Nitrosamines in Cigarette Smoke
(Nanograms of cyclohexanol per cigarette)
Blocker Delivered* to Blocker Blocker
Nitrosamine Required**
Required
______________________________________
NNN 175 ng 360:1
NNK 73 ng 863:1
NATB + 195 ng 323:1 NABS
NNN + 248 ng 254:1
NNK
NNN +
NNK +
NATB + 443 ng 142:1
NABS
______________________________________
*Cyclohexanol concentration in cigarette smoke at TWA limit of OSHA i.e.
200 mg/m.sup.3 or 63 micrograms/cigarette.
**Assuming equal molar matching.

Although menthol does not have the nitrosamine blocking effect as alcohols of this invention, the known method of applying menthol to tobacco is relevant because of the established transfer efficiency and shell stability of menthol in the cigarette. Accordingly, menthol’s melting point, boiling point, vapor pressure and molecular weight are relevant criteria for the selection of the preferred alcohols to be used. Thus, the preferred alcohols either have no toxicity or low toxicity, can be applied directly onto the tobacco and then heat-released as the tobacco is burned, are comparable to menthol in molecular characteristics so as to be stable in the cigarette rod and efficiently transferred into the smoke, are comparable to NNN in molecular weight so that the amount thereof applied to the tobacco will not wet it excessively, preferably have a pleasant taste and odor, and of course have the desired blocking effect.

Although any of the alcohols mentioned elsewhere in this disclosure can be used in this direct spray method, preferred alcohols appear to be: monohydric alcohols: n-octyl alcohol and capryl alcohol; polyhydric alcohols: 1,3-butanediol, pinacol and 1,2,4,-butanetriol; compounds with resonant hydroxyl species: n-decyl alcohol, lauryl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol and cinnamyl alcohol; and alternative alcohols: 2-ethyl butyl alcohol, ethyl hexanol, n-nonyl alcohol, and methyl cyclohexanol. Cetyl alcohol and stearyl alcohol though of relatively large molecular size are non-toxic and thus are included herein. The properties and characteristics of these alcohols are set forth below in Table V.
TABLE V
______________________________________ Alcohol Formula
______________________________________
1. n-Octyl alcohol CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.5 CH(OH)CH.sub.5
2. Capryl alcohol CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.5
CHOHCH.sub.3
3. 1,3 Butanediol CH.sub.3 CHOHCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OH
4. Pinacol (CH.sub.3).sub.2
COHCOH(CH.sub.3).sub.2
5. 1,2,4-Butanetriol
HOCH.sub.2 CHOHCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2
OH
6. n-Decyl alcohol CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2
CHOH(CH.sub.2).sub.5
CH.sub.3
7. Lauryl alcohol CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.11 OH 8. Cetyl alcohol CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.15 OH
9. Stearyl alcohol CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.17 OH
10. Cinnamyl alcohol
C.sub.6 H.sub.5 CH:CHCH.sub.2 OH
11. 2-Ethyl butyl alcohol
C.sub.2 H.sub.5 CH(C.sub.2
H.sub.5)CH.sub.2 OH
12. Ethyl hexanol CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.3
CH(C.sub.2 H.sub.3)CH.sub.2
OH
13. n-Nonyl alcohol CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.7 CH.sub.2
OH
14. Methyl cyclohexanol
CH.sub.3 C.sub.6 H.sub.10 OH
15. Cyclohexanol C.sub.6 H.sub.12 O
16. Dipropylene glycol
CH.sub.3 OC.sub.3 H.sub.6 OC.sub.3 H.sub.6 OH monomethyl
17. Menthol C.sub.10 H.sub.20 O
______________________________________ Molec- Melting Boiling ular Density
Point Point
Alcohol
Toxicity Weight (g/cm.sup.3)
(.degree.C.)
(.degree.C.)
______________________________________
1. Flavor agent
130 0.82 -15 86 2. Low toxicity,
130 0.83 -30 178 aromatic
3. Non-toxic 90 1.01 < -50 207 4. Low-toxicity 118 1.05 43 174 5. Non-toxic 106 1.02 N/A 172 6. Low-toxicity 158 0.83 -12 210 7. Low-toxicity 186 0.83 26 255 8. Non-toxic 243 0.82 50 344 9. Non-toxic 271 0.81 59 210 10. 134 1.04 34 257.5 11. Low-toxicity 102 0.83 < -15 149 12. Low-toxicity 130 0.83 < -76 185 13. Low-toxicity 144 0.83 215 14. 50 ppm 114 0.92 173 (235 mg/m.sup.3)* 15. 50 ppm 100 0.96 25 161 (200 mg/m.sup.3)* 16. 100 ppm 132 0.95 -80 189 (600 mg/m.sup.3)* 17. Flavor Agent 156 0.90 44 216 ______________________________________ Solubility* Vapor Ethyl Alcohol Pressure (mmHg) Water Alcohol Ether ______________________________________ 1. 1(54.degree. C.) s s 2. 1(32.8.degree. C.) # # 3. .06(20.degree. C.) s s i 4. 1(44.degree. C.) v v 5. N/A # # # 6. 1(69.5.degree. C.) i s s 7. 1(91.degree. C.) i s s 8. 1(122.7.degree. C.) i v 9. 1(50.degree. C.) i s s 10. 1(72.6.degree. C.) v v 11. 0.9(20.degree. C.) # # 12. 1(54.degree. C.) i # # 13. 1(59.5.degree. C.) i # # 14. 1.5(30.degree. C.) 15. 1(21.degree. C.) s s s 16. .3(20.degree. C.) 17. 1(56.degree. C.) v v ______________________________________ *TWA OSHA: time weighted average for a normal eight hour work day and forty hour work week, unless otherwise indicated (adopted by OSHA). *Key: i = insoluble = slightly soluble s = soluble v = very soluble # = soluble in all proportions The manufacture of cigarettes today typically involves eighteen process steps as follows: (1) leaf purchase; (2) conditioning before stemming; (3) stemming; (4) redrying; (5) prizing; (6) aging; (7) ordering; (8) blending; (9) ordering; (10) casing; (11) cutting; (12) drying; (13) cooling; (14) top dressing; (15) bulking; (16) making; (17) packaging; and (18) storing the finished goods. A known variation of this process reverses steps (14) and (15) so that bulking is done before the top dressing is applied. Also, various methods of manufacturing cigarettes and cigarette constructions, smoke formation and smoke compositions are discussed in greater detail in Max Samfield, Research and Manufacturing in the U.S. Cigarette Industry (1980). At step (16) ("making") the cut or rag tobacco is machined into a final cigarette. In modern cigarette plants, a rapid conveyor system is used to continuously supply cut tobacco to the highly mechanized making line. After the tobacco has been conditioned, steamed, prized, blended, cured, dressed and bulked, the manufacturer forms the cigarette, adds the filter and feeds the finished product to the packaging machinery. The blocking alcohol or compound of this invention is preferably added to the cut tobacco after the final drying which is step (12), and when in the cooler of step (13). The coolers are typically of the rotary type and have a stationary nozzle inside the cylinders thereof. Compounds added to the rag tobacco during the cooling step (13) are called top flavorings or top dressings. Discussions of flavoring materials and casings, processes therefor, and effects thereof are found in "The Casing and Flavouring of Cigarettes", Max Samfield, Tobacco Journal International, 5/1984 October. The compound is sprayed on the rag tobacco as it tumbles in the cooler cylinder. Flavorings, as are the subject alcohols or compounds, are added or sprayed after final drying to minimize their loss, and preferably are applied immediately before entering the making machine. The tobacco is preferably redried before the top dressing is applied since the top dressings do not age well and evaporate easily. This, therefore, is standard industry practice for cigarette manufacture, and the process of this invention to add the blocking compound to the cut tobacco can be done utilizing current production machinery with only minor modifications thereto and for makers running at 3,200 to 8,000 cigarettes per minute. The blocking alcohol can either be sprayed through the same nozzle as the flavorings or through a different nozzle, and sprayed on the cut tobacco either with or after the other dressings. A carrier solution for the blocking alcohol may be required to assure an even and sufficient loading of the alcohol on the mass of tobacco. In other words, the quantity of the chosen alcohol, such as cyclohexanol, to load a given quantity of tobacco may not provide sufficient solution to even wet the tobacco thereby necessitating the use of a carrier solution for the alcohol. Most of the blocking alcohols herein are soluble in ethyl alcohol, which is a preferred solvent for cyclohexanol (and methylcyclohexanol) as it dissolves cyclohexanol easily and evaporates rapidly from the tobacco at the completion of the loading step. Ethyl alcohol is a solvent for alcohols specifically named herein and is also widely used as the solvent for top flavorings or dressings. The minimum concentration of cyclohexanol in an ethyl solution is that required to solubilize the cyclohexanol, and the maximum concentration is that required to evenly distribute the cyclohexanol in the cooling drum. This upper limit varies according to the size and/or speed of the cooling unit, and the amount of tobacco in the cooler. Water is an alternative solvent, but its utility is limited though since it elevates the moisture content of the tobacco, and the moisture content of a cigarette should generally be below twelve and a half percent of weight. Additionally, the solubility of alcohols in water is limited in most cases. As previously discussed, one or more vitamins, such as Vitamins A, B, C and E, can be added to the alcohol solution as well. Vitamin A in particular is believed to inhibit cancers. Further disclosures for the use of Vitamin A in cigarettes are those of U.S. Pat. No. 3,339,558 and Japanese 55-79,319 (Sharman, June 14, 1980). Example 6 Cigarettes were hand-laced with cyclohexanol, that is by evenly injecting the alcohol into the rod of a manufactured cigarette using a machine-controlled syringe. To detect initial transfers, 8750 micrograms of cyclohexanol were loaded on the tobacco of a single cigarette. Sixty cigarettes were smoked on a standard smoking machine using Cambridge filter pads to collect the particulate phase, where most of the material is carried. A transfer efficiency of ten percent was established with this test cigarette. This resulted in a smoked concentration of 2778 milligrams of cyclohexanol per cubic meter, or 1389% of TLV. The GC was then calibrated and a production of cigarettes run. The load was 620 micrograms per cigarette, and the transfer efficiency was ten percent. The smoked concentration was 197 milligrams per cubic meter which is 99% of cyclohexanol TLV and therefore considered safe. This new machined cigarette delivered a safe concentration of cyclohexanol, and the delivery exceeded the total concentrations of TSNA's in the cigarette by a factor of 132. Additionally, cigarettes of this invention wherein a blocking alcohol (cyclohexanol) was sprayed onto the tobacco were successfully produced at production speeds of 3,200 cigarettes per minute without any making equipment modifications and without any unusual resulting cigarette spoilage. This cigarette has shelf life characteristics indistinguishable from customary cigarettes, and exhibits no increased tendency to spot or deform. Foremost though this cigarette selectively reduces the smoker's exposure to the effects of the most abundant carcinogen in cigarette smoke at the smoker's lung, which is the critical organ associated with smoking disease. The subject cigarette construction thereby provides for the effective passive release of the blocking alcohol into the tobacco smoke stream aerosol and then into the smoker's respiratory system. While the blocking alcohol thereby manufactured in the cigarette when inhaled in the cigarette's tobacco smoke stream fortifies the smoker's lung's resistance to a family of well known carcinogens, it does not impact on the cigarette's taste, blend, mouthfeel, draw or burn. It may though give a slight aroma to the cigarette package. It further appears that the blocking alcohol does not interact with any particular cigarette blend type. Additionally, there is no need to limit the present invention to alcohols which exist in the liquid state at ambient temperature. Alcohols which exist in the solid state at ambient temperature also fall within the scope of the present invention. While it is unimportant whether the alcohols are administered as a solid or a liquid, it is important that the alcohols be administered in such a manner that the four aforementioned objectives are satisfied. Another embodiment of the present invention is to incorporate these alcohols in a face mask (not shown) so that the vapors thereof are released and inhaled by the wearer of the mask. This mask can be worn in polluted industrial environments or in environments where nitrosamines are present in the air. A mouth spray device can be used to administer the alcohols by inhalation at will prior to exposure to any nitrosamines in the environment, and particularly those in the tobacco smoke stream. Hence, another embodiment contemplates a mouth spray or mist device (not shown) having a cylindrical body of plastic or metal which contains one or more alcohols of the present invention. A non-toxic carrier gas or propellant gas, such as compressed air or nitrogen, can also be used. A tobacco smoke stream aerosol containing the alcohol(s) is thereby defined. When the alcohols of the present invention are administered by inhalation, a concentration of the alcohol in air of only about 0.001% is sufficient for purposes of delocalization nitrosamines in the respiratory epithelium. See also U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,016,279, 4,232,002 and 4,243,543. From the foregoing detailed description, it will be evident that there are a number of changes, adaptations, and modifications of the present invention which come within the province of those persons skilled in the art. However, it is intended that all such variations not departing from the spirit of the invention be considered as within the scope thereof as limited solely by the claims appended hereto. AND HERE’S WHAT’S REALLY SAD THESE ARE THE INGREDIENTS OF A CIGARETTE THAT ARE SUPPOSED TO BE LESS DEADLY THAN A REGULAR CIGARETTE! DO YOU SEE WHY WE ARE INTENT ON BEATING THIS THING?! AND YET JUST 20 MINUTES AFTER YOUR LAST CIGARETTE, YOUR BODY IS GOING TO START TO HEAL ITSELF. HOW IS THAT POSSIBLE? Okay, take a break for a minute and breathe. Remember you promised to be open minded. Is it possible…mind you I ask you to simply acknowledge the possibility that a power that is beneficent created you in such a marvelous and divine order that no matter how badly you are addicted to these cigarettes, your body has the restorative power to begin to heal itself just twenty minutes after your last cigarette? Don’t bite my head off, just think about it. But, we can’t leave this section of our Knowledge is Power book without looking at the chemicals in a regular or lite cigarette. Here is just a partial list: acetaldehyde (1.4+ mg) arsenic (500+ ng) benzo(a)pyrene (.1+ ng) cadmium (1,300+ ng) crotonaldehyde (.2+ µg) chromium (1,000+ ng) ethylcarbamate 310+ ng) formaldehyde (1.6+ µg) hydrazine (14+ ng) lead (8+ µg) nickel (2,000+ ng) radioactive polonium (.2+ Pci) nicotine (insecticide) = C10H14N2 rohypnol (rape drug) = C16H12FN3O3 Chemistry of Nicotine Data From a 1913 Source: "NICOTINE, C10H14N2, an alkaloid, found with small quantities of nicotimine, C19H14N2, nicoteine, C10H12N2, and nicotelline, C10H8N2, in tobacco. . . . "These four alkaloids exist in combination in tobacco chiefly as malates and citrates. "The alkaloid is obtained from an aqueous extract of tobacco by distillation with slaked lime, the distillate being acidified with oxalic acid, concentrated to a syrup and decomposed by potash. "The free base is extracted by ether and fractionated in a current of hydrogen. "It is a colourless oil, which boils at 247° C. (745 mm). and when pure is almost odourless. It has a sharp burning taste, and is very poisonous. "It is very hygroscopic, dissolves readily in water, and rapidly undergoes oxidation on exposure to air. "The free alkaloid is strongly laevo-rotatory. . "F. Ratz (Monats., 1905, 26, p 1241) obtained the value [a]D = -169 54° at 20°, its salts are dextro-rotatory. It behaves as a di-acid as well as a di-tertiary base. "On oxidation with chromic or nitric acids, or potassium permanganate, it yields nicotinic acid or ß3 pyridine carboxylic acid, C5H4N - CO2H; alkaline potassium ferricyanide gives nicotyrine, C10H14N2, and hydrogen peroxide oxynicotine, C10H14N2O. "Oxidation of its isomethylhydroxide with potassium permanganate yields trigonelline, C7H7NO2 (A. Pictet and P. Genequand, Ber., 1897, 30, p 2117). "It [nicotine] gives rise to various decomposition products such as pyridine, picoline, &c, when its vapour is passed through a red hot tube. "The hydrochloride on heating with hydrochloric acid gives methyl chloride (B. Blau, Ber., 1893, 26, p 631). . . "Hydriodic acid and phosphorus at high temperature give a dihydro-compound, whilst sodium and alcohol give hexa- and octo-hydro derivatives. "Nicotine may be recognized by the addition of a drop of 30% formaldehyde, the mixture being allowed to stand for one hour and the solid residue then moistened by a drop of concentrated sulphruic acid, when an intense rose red colour is produced (I. Schindelmeiser, Pharm Zentralhalle, 1899, 40, p 704). "The constitution of nicotine was established by A. Pinner (see papers in the Berichte, 1891 to 1895). . . . "[Additional nicotine chemistry data] has been confirmed by its synthesis by A. Pictet and P Crépieux (Comptes rendus, 1903, 137, p 860) and Pictet and Rotschy (Ber., 1904, 37, p 1225). . . ."—"Nicotine," Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol 19, pp 665-666 (11th ed., 1913). Soon, "the principal demand [legitimate use] for it [nicotine] is as a horticultural insecticide. Pure nicotine, C10H14N2, is a highly poisonous colourless liquid, with an unpleasant odour; it boils at 246° - 247° C. and is soluble in most solvents, including water. . . . Nicotine was synthesized in 1904 by A. Pictet, P. Crepieux and Ritoschy."—"Nicotine," Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol 16, p 431 (1963). "It is also of relevance that the absorption of Nicotine through the lungs is extremely rapid and efficient and reaches the brain more rapidly than after intravenous injection. The arm-to-brain circulation time averages 13.5 seconds, whilst the lung-to-brain time is about 7.5 seconds."—M. A. H. Russell, 212 The Practitioner 791-800 (June 1974). Worse, "some 90% of the nicotine delivered to the lungs goes directly to the brain, and it gets there in only 7 s," "much faster than a heroin rush from a peripheral vein."—W. A. Check, 247 J Am Med Ass'n (#17) 2333-2338 (7 May 1982). "Nicotine is one of the most powerful of the 'nerve poisons' known. Its virulence is compared to that of prussic acid. . . . . "It seems to destroy life not by attacking a few but all of the functions essential to it. . . . A significant indication of this is that there is no substance which can counteract its effects. . . . "the use of tobacco in even the smallest amount impairs the functional action of the liver on the blood passing through it, and that the abnormal state of the blood thus caused will manifest itself by disturbance in the brain. "Thus the nerves are under the constant influence of the drug and much injury to the system results."—C. W. Lyman, 48 New York Medical Journal 262-265 (8 Sep 1888). A person "who smokes forty cigarettes daily absorbs nearly a pound of nicotine annually. This is enough to kill at least eight thousand cats." It is "a poison whose toxic effects are manifested in every organ and part of the body." It does "interfere to a considerable extent with all his [the smoker's] mental and physical activities and detract appreciably from his usefulness [and] the pleasures of life."—Wood, supra, pp 123-124. "Moreover, there is no question that arsenic . . . is definitely an active carcinogen on human tissue. . . . the arsenic content of American cigarettes has increased from two to six times in a period of 25 years. One popular brand contains from 41 to 52.5 micrograms of arsenic, of which one third remains in the butt, one third is in the ash, and one third goes into the smoke. About five micrograms of arsenic trioxide is inhaled from each cigarette. Three parts of arsenic trioxide per million is the maximum amount permitted in food."—Alton Ochsner, M.D., Smoking and Your Life (New York: Julian Messner Pub, 1954 rev 1964), p 15. Unfortunately, "most laymen . . . lack the scientific background to recognize the damage that can be done by what appears [to them] to be miniscule amounts of irritants," p 16. "Actually . . . the safety factor among the leading brands varies so little that offering it as the basis for smoking any cigarette is like offering a man the choice of committing suicide by jumping either from a 50- or 51-story building," p 16. World War II military statistical analysis found that "300,000 bullets were fired for each man killed," says Prof. Michael P. Ghiglieri, Ph.D., The Dark Side of Man (Reading, MA.: Perseus Books, 1999), p 185. 299,000 misses, 1 hit = only a 1/300,000 correlation! Now there's a small number! (The Vietnam ratio was 1/40,000.) See the article, "Lower Tar Makes No Difference," British Medical Journal, Vol 328, Issue # 7431 (10 January 2004) for an example of why this is so. People do recognize the dangers of small quantities when those chemicals apply to other creatures. Here is an example: wasp and hornet killer. The spray's active ingredients are tetramethin (.2%—2,000 ppm), and phenoxyphenyl methyl (.2%—2,000 ppm); inert ingredients are 99.6%—996,000 ppm. People recognize that such tiny quantities kill, but are deceived by tobacco pushers into deeming themselves exempt from lethality, when the word "cigarette" or "tobacco" is involved! Lay failure to recognize the same on theTTS holocaustlevel danger is a "natural and probable consequence" of tobacco advertising and the tobacco taboo. "The United States Pure Food Laws allow only 1.43 parts of arsenic per million in food, but Zeigler and Warner found in 1937 that the arsenic content of tobacco was fifty times that amount.—Wood, supra, p 115. TTS chemicals (constituting an "ultrahazardous" combination) have long been researched, e.g., E. Bogen, "Composition of Cigarettes and Cigarette Smoke," 93 J Am Med Ass'n (#9) 1110-1114 (12 Oct 1929). They have an effect. Prof. W. E. Dixon (Cambridge University), The Tobacco Habit (1927) identified more than fifty diseases or symptoms in which tobacco was already then known to be a factor. Our website on "cancer data 1925" gives an overview of what was already known then. Our website reproducing the Michigan House of Representatives Committee Report on the Tobacco Hazard—1889 has examples of what was known over 110 years ago. In a 26 page 15 November 1961 admission by Dr. Helmut Wakeham of the Philip Morris Company about the carcinogens in tobacco smoke, there is a remarkable diagram on page 4 (Item 202494715) showing a big cigarette, with two "balloons," one coming out of each end of the cigarette. The balloons contain graphs showing that the percentage of dangerous compounds that come off the burning end of a cigarette is vastly higher (86%) than the percentage contained in the mainstream smoke (11.2%). (Dr. Helmut Wakeham is notorious as the PM scientist who equated the danger of smoking cigarettes with the danger of eating too much applesauce in the 1970's documentary Death in the West, though he of course knew better.) See also the Proposed Identification of Environmental Tobacco Smoke as a Toxic Air Contaminant (Cal, September 2005). Samuel S. Epstein, M.D., The Politics of Cancer (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1978), pp 160-161 gives a partial list of TTS-caused cancer sites (esophagus, larynx, lip, lung, mouth, pancreas, pharynx, tongue, urinary bladder) and other linked injuries: aortic aneurism, coronary heart disease, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, peptic ulcers, and stroke. Dr. Epstein concludes, "In view of the fact that tobacco smoke contains hundreds of identifiable chemical components, it is now surprising that smoking causes so few diseases." (Actually, 50 as cited by Prof. Dixon is not a "few.") "The physician must recognize the fact that smoking is a universal affair . . . harmful . . . to normal people. . . . [changing them into injured category]."— Schwartz, Herbert F., M.D., "Smoking and Tuberculosis," 45 New York State Journal of Medicine (#14) 1539-1542 (15 July 1945). "Virtually everyone in the United States is at some risk of harm from exposure to secondhand smoke. The reason is that nearly everyone is exposed to tobacco smoke, and there is no evidence of a threshold level of exposure below which the exposure is safe."—Ronald M. Davis, M.D., "Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke," 280 J Am Med Assn (#22) 1947-1949 (9 Dec 1998). TTS is ultrahazardous. TTS court cases such as Todd v Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp, 924 F Supp 59 (WD La, 9 May 1996), admit that tobacco dangerousness is obvious. Perez v Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp, 967 F Supp 920 (SD Texas, 4 June 1997), said tobacco is inherently dangerous and so known. The case of Banzhaf v Federal Communications Commission, 132 US App DC 14, 29; 405 F2d 1082, 1097 (1968) cert den 396 US 842; 90 S Ct 50; 24 L Ed 2d 93 (1969) upheld the concept of cigarettes' universal deleteriousness: "The danger cigarettes . . . pose to health is, among others, a danger to life itself . . . a danger inherent in the normal use of the product, not one merely associated with its abuse or dependent on intervening fortuitous events. "It threatens a substantial body of the population, not merely a peculiarly susceptible fringe group." [This is classic "universal malice"]. Tobacco smoke carcinogens are absorbed by people exposed to them secondhand. "If [someone does] smoke in one part of a house [building], the smoke doesn't just stay in that part."—Kristin E. Anderson, Steven G. Carmella, Ming Ye, Robin L. Bliss, Chap Le, Lois Murphy, and Stephen S. Hecht, "Metabolites of a Tobacco-Specific Lung Carcinogen in Nonsmoking Women Exposed to Environmental Tobacco Smoke," J Natl Cancer Institute, Vol 93 (#5) 378-381 (7 March 2001). You are in danger. Splitting into sections (segregation) does not work, and is unconstitutional, Alford v City of Newport News, 220 Va 584; 260 SE2d 241 (1979), but places often obstinately insist on doing this anyway, rather than obey the Constitution and the right to pure air. See also Opinions of Attorney General 1987-1988, No. 6460, pp 167-171; 1987 Michigan Register 366 (25 Aug 1987) (placing nonsmokers “checkerboard style” does not achieve law compliance, an Alford analysis; the benefit of safety is intended but is not met by segregation, as TTS travels through the air, i.e., is “ultrahazardous” as the term is defined in precedents). Nonsmokers exposed to TTS absorb the same amount of TTS as smokers, meaning "similar nicotine levels."—W. Al-Delaimy, T. Fraser, A. Woodward, "Nicotine in hair of bar and restaurant workers," 114 New Zealand Med J (#1127) 80-83 (9 March 2001). In fact, cigarettes threaten everyone in America. To find “the purest nonsmoking population that can be obtained in the USA,” there was ONLY “the Amish population . . . in Lancaster County [Pennsylvania].”—G. H. Miller, Ph.D., “Lung Cancer: A Comparison of Incidence Between the Amish and Non-Amish in Lancaster County,” 76 J Indiana State Med Assn (#2) 121123 (February 1983). Everyone else is being "smoked" to a greater or lesser extent. We "recognize the fact that smoking is a universal affair . . . harmful . . . to normal people . . . . [changing them into injured category]."—Schwartz, Herbert F., M.D., "Smoking and Tuberculosis," 45 New York State Journal of Medicine (#14) 1539-1542 (15 July 1945). "Virtually everyone in the United States is at some risk of harm from exposure to secondhand smoke. The reason is that nearly everyone is exposed to tobacco smoke, and there is no evidence of a threshold level of exposure below which the exposure is safe."—Ronald M. Davis, M.D., "Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke," 280 J Am Med Assn (#22) 1947-1949 (9 Dec 1998). Indeed, judicial notice of cigarettes' "inherent" deleteriousness had long before been taken, pursuant to an 1897 Tennessee law banning cigarettes, in Austin v State, 101 Tenn 563; 566-7; 48 SW 305, 306; 70 Am St Rep 703 (1898) affirmed 179 US 343 (1900). Tennessee was scared of cigarettes as they are a dangerous Confederate product intended to kill millions. Tennessee's Supreme Court said in Austin: "[C]igarettes . . . are . . . wholly noxious and deleterious to health. Their use is always harmful; never beneficial. They possess no virtue, but are inherently bad, and bad only . . . widely condemned as pernicious altogether. Beyond question, their every tendency is toward the impairment of physical health and mental vigor. . . . Courts are authorized to take judicial cognizance of . . . those facts which, by human observation and experience, have become well and generally known to be true. . . . cigarettes are wholly noxious and deleterious and . . . an unmitigated evil." Iowa had already banned cigarettes (1897). The Michigan law banning cigarettes with deleterious ingredients, MCL § 750.27, MSA § 28.216, was passed soon thereafter, in 1909. Soon thereafter, in 1913, in State v Olson, 26 ND 304, 319-320; 144 NW 661, 667 (29 Nov 1913), the North Dakota Supreme Court upheld the criminal conviction of a tobacco seller and said "the use of tobacco in any form is uncleanly, and . . . excessive use is injurious . . . . its use by the young is especially so. Tobacco, in short, is under the ban. One of the strongest arguments . . . against the cigarette, is that cigarettes are easily and cheaply obtained, and that [children are] liable to be tempted by that fact, and that the use of tobacco will thus be increased. . . ." Cigarettes Emit Deleterious Emissions Due to cigarettes' inherently deleterious nature and ingredients, they, when lit [the term is 'smoking'], emit deleterious emissions. The term is Toxic Tobacco Smoke (TTS). (Other terms you may hear of, include "second-hand smoke," "involuntary smoking," "passive smoking," and "ETS"). Re TTS, the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (DHEW), Smoking and Health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service, PHS Pub 1103, Chapter 6, Table 4, p 60 (1964), lists examples of cigarettes' deleterious emissions compared to the prescribed health standards, the chemicals' “speed limits,” the maximum number above which is unsafe. The official OSHA term for this maximum-to-not-exceed, is “permissible exposure limit” (PEL) or “threshold limit value" (TLV). OSHA is the Occupational Safety and Health Administration of the U.S. Department of Labor. TLV's (legal maximums) are currently identified in the OSHA toxic chemical regulation 29 CFR § 1910.1000. (It is available at your local library). TTS ingredients include but are not limited to: TTS Chemical TTS Quantity “Speed Limit” PEL - TLV (1964) acetaldehyde 3,200 ppm 200.0 ppm acrolein 150 ppm 0.5 ppm ammonia 300 ppm 150.0 ppm carbon monoxide 42,000 ppm 100.0 ppm formaldehyde 30 ppm 5.0 ppm hydrogen cyanide 1,600 ppm 10.0 ppm hydrogen sulfide 40 ppm 20.0 ppm methyl chloride 1,200 ppm 100.0 ppm nitrogen dioxide 250 ppm 5.0 ppm Note that many ingredients far exceed legal limits of 1964. Limits are lower now; the chemicals are more dangerous than the Surgeon General knew then. For background on why smokers spew these toxic chemicals, see 1977 reputation data juxtaposed with 1917 narcosis context Hydrogen cyanide is a respiratory enzyme poison. It (cyanide) is used in executions, in gas chambers, on dangerous criminals. Carbon monoxide is often warned about, as coming from the rare out-of-order furnace, but cigarettes are a routine source and much more common danger. We all want zero exposure to it, coming from our furnaces! Formaldehyde is 'embalming fluid.' The TTS excessiveness above the legal limits underlies and explains cigarettes' "ultrahazardous" nature and impact. Additional data of this type on TTS can be found in the book by Samuel S. Epstein, M.D., The Politics of Cancer (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1978), p 154. Note that is fire that generates and releases the toxic chemical emissions cited by the Surgeon General. The combination of fire + chemicals causes the tobacco danger. “‘Fire, dealt with by the law of arson, is the prototype of forces which the ordinary [hu]man knows must be used with special caution because of the potential for wide devastation. Modem legislation puts explosion, flood, poison gas, and avalanche in the same category,” says Commonwealth v Hughes, 468 Pa 502, 511512; 364 A2d 306 (1976) citing the “Comment to the Model Penal Code.” The Hughes case invovled a smoker Hughes whose smoking in turn caused a “fire,” “several explosions,” and “the death of two firemen.” He “was arrested . . . indicted on two counts of involuntary manslaughter.” The court upheld the charge. Note also that tobacco processes constitute a “Universal malice.” A "universal malice" is a behavior that causes “premature death” “without knowing or caring who may be the victim,” Black’s Law Dictionary (4th ed. 1968) page 1110, citing Mitchell v State, 60 Ala 26, 30 (1877).“Precisely what happened is what might have been expected as the result . . . and is the natural and probable consequence . . . Malice is presumed under such conditions,” Nestlerode v United States, 74 US App DC 276, 279; 122 F2d 56, 59 (1941). Tobacco toxic chemicals released by fire have universal malice traits: it “is not directed [in its killing tendencies] to any particular individual, but is general and indiscriminate . . . putting the lives of many in jeopardy . . . without the intent to kill any particular person, but . . . likely to [kill] some one or more persons . . . ‘ regardless of human life, although without any preconceived purpose to deprive any particular person of life,” State v Massey, 20 Ala App 56; 100 So 625, 627 (1924). The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, 29 USC § 651 - § 678 forbids behaviors and hazards (meaning, substances concerning which regular exposure foreseeably leads to "material impairment of [employee] health"). Pertinent precedents on the law include: • National Realty and Construction Co, Inc v Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission, 160 US App DC 133; 489 F2d 1257 (1973) (the general duty clause with the safety duty adjective “free” (meaning “free” of banned hazards) is “unqualified and absolute,” such that hazards must be "excluded" from the workplace. Obeying the “absolute” duty is reasonable) • International Union, UAW v General Dynamics Land Systems Division, 259 US App DC 369; 815 F2d 1570 (1987) cert den 484 US 976; 108 S Ct 485; 98 L Ed 2d 484 (1987) (both specific standards and the "general duty clause" must be obeyed) • American Textile Mfrs. Inst v Donovan, 452 US 490, 509; 101 S Ct 2478; 69 L Ed 2d 185 (1981) (Safety is "above" all "other considerations") • American Smelting & R. Co v Occ. Safety & Health Rev Comm, 501 F2d 504, 515 (1974) ('monitoring,' whether called 'biological' or by another term, is not 'preventing' and 'suppressing' the hazard, but rather merely observing it continue. "Biological monitoring" is inadequate when it does "not eliminate or even reduce the hazard," but merely reveals it) Here is a word picture (using the example of carbon monoxide) of what the law and this type of TTS data means: | 42,000 ppm - cigarettes' carbon monoxide | | | 32,000 For perspective, police stop speeders going 60 in a 50 mph zone. | Tobacco far exceeds the "speed limits." Tobacco kills precisely | because its toxic chemicals are above the safe levels. | 22,000 | | | 12,000 ppm - cars' limit “Cigarette Makers Get Away With Murder,” | (40 CFR § 85.2203-81) says Elizabeth M. Whelan, Sc.D., M.P.H., | in The Detroit News, p 4B (3-14-93). The | above "speed limit" numbers show why. | | 2,000 (Not to scale) | | | 50 - legal amount indoors ( 29 CFR § 1910.1000) | 9 - legal amount outdoors | 0 - amount cigarette pushers allow from their personal furnaces It is because cigarettes' TTS emissions vastly exceed the “speed limits” that they are dangerous and so fatal as to kill millions of people. If cigarettes' TTS chemicals were under the "speed limits," they'd be safe! Example: The "speed limit" for carbon monoxide is about 100, whereas it's doing 42,000. “The smoker of cigarettes is constantly exposed to levels of carbon monoxide in the range of 500 to 1,500 parts per million when he inhales the cigarette smoke.”—G. H. Miller, Ph.D., “The Filter Cigarette Controversy,” 72 J Indiana St Med Ass'n (#12) 903, 904 (Dec 1979). “The blood of cigarette smokers will contain from 2 to 10 percent carboxyhemoglobin . . . initial symptoms of poisoning . . . will result from exposures to 1,000 ppm for 30 minutes or 500 ppm for one hour. One hour at 1500 ppm is dangerous to life. Short exposures (one hour) should not exceed 400 ppm.”—Julian B. Olishifski, P.E., C.S.P., Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene, 2d ed (National Safety Council), pp 1039-1040. The hazard to smokers (need it be said?) arises as their TTS exposure is far above these criteria. Here is another example, explaining why we see TTS clouds hanging in the air: “The irritant [bad smell] properties of these materials may be partly inferred by their occupational limits. These are 0.1 to 0.3 ppm for acrolein and 1 to 3 ppm for formaldehyde.”—Howard E. Ayer, M.S., David W. Yeager, B.S., “Irritants in Cigarette Smoke Plumes,” 72 Am J Pub Health (#11) 1283 (Nov 1982). Smokers' typical inability to comprehend such basic mathematical facts connotes acalculia, inability to do simple mathematical calculations of risk. For example, notice that cigarettes' carbon monoxide emission is at 42,000 ppm. But they are not safe above about 50-200 ppm (the numbers vary over the years, by duration of exposure, etc.). Those numbers are always far under 42,000. Most smokers (generally speaking) even when told these numbers, do not typically respond to these simple mathematical facts by ceasing the activity (smoking) in a sufficiently timely manner to avoid widespread harm and deaths, e.g., from lung cancer, etc. Acalculia is thus evident early on in smokers. Wherefore smokers suffer disproportionately from additional mental disorders including Alzheimer's disease, with rates above the general population. “Carbon monoxide is a dangerous substance. The molecule binds more strongly to the hemoglobin in the blood than does oxygen. A person breathing air that contains even a small percentage (one part in 250) of carbon monoxide may die of suffocation.”—Gordon P. Johnson, Bonnie B. Barr, and Michael D. Leyden, Physical Science (New York: Addison-Wesly Pub Co, Inc, 1988), pp 298-299. 1/250 = 40,000 ppm; cigarette smoke contains more than that (42,000 ppm). Tobacco smoke lingers in the air in enclosed spaces. Approximately two weeks are required for nicotine to clear from a room where smoking has occurred.—James L. Repace, "Indoor Concentrations of Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Field Surveys." In O'Neil, et. al: Environmental Carcinogens: Methods of Analysis and Exposure Measurement: Passive Smoking (Lyon, France, IARC: 1987; 9: 141-162). See also G. Matt, "Household Dust, Surfaces Trap Cigarette Smoke: Hidden Sources of Secondhand Smoke May Put Children at Risk," 13 Tobacco Control 29-37 (March 2004). Merely smoking in a different room, or outdoors, does not reduce the danger. Cigarette smoke's toxic ingredients are foreseeably trapped by household dust and surfaces; these in turn become "major sources of secondhand smoke exposure." Over a period of weeks, the trapped toxins can produce danger tantamount to "hours of exposure to active . . . smoking." For explanation of the deleteriousness of various chemicals (including those as cigarette ingredients), see a. Gosselin, Smith, Hodge, and Braddock, Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products, 5th ed (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1984). Page II-4 lists toxicity levels of 1-6 (1, "practically non-toxic"; 4, "very toxic"; 6, "supertoxic"). Nicotine, item 772, pp II-237 and III-311-4 is rated a 6; coumarin, p II-257, item 861, is a 4. b. Robert Dreisbach and William Robertson, Handbook of Poisoning: Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment, 12th ed (Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1983 and 1987). Pages 35 and 259-263 cover carbon monoxide poisoning; pp 130-132, tobacco and nicotine; pp 385-7, anticoagulants, e.g., coumarin and warfarin. c. Sondra Goodman, Director, Household Hazardous Waste Project, HHWP's Guide to Hazardous Products Around the Home, 2d ed (Springfield, MO: Southwest Mo St Univ Press, 1989). Page 99 covers poisoning by carbon monoxide, of which cigarettes emit 42,000 ppm, exceeding the 29 CFR § 1910.1000 average safe limit of 50 ppm. (See excerpt). d. Jay Arena and Richard Drew, Poisoning, 5th ed (Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Pub, 1986). Pages 216-217 cover nicotine; pp 308-312, carbon monoxide; p 999, which lists coumarin, says, ominously, "see Warfarin," p 1007. See also the background article "The Dangers of Passive Smoking." The Michigan law banning cigarettes with deleterious ingredients, MCL § 750.27, MSA § 28.216, is clearly a life-saver, intended to prevent cigarettes with dangerous ingredients!! Only safe cigarettes, if any, can legally be manufactured, given away, and sold in Michigan. Are you convinced? Or do you want to know more than this "tip of the iceberg" of cigarettes' deleteriousness? From A Veterinarian Magazine: Tobacco Dangerous to Animals Tobacco endangers animals too! See H. Marsh and Clawson, "Wild Tobacco Toxic for Horses, Cattle and Sheep," 9 North American Veterinarian 30 (June 1928). A TTS Example From World War I Experience “The conspicuous part played by poisonous gases in the Great War naturally led to a careful study of the effects of poisonous gases."—John Harvey Kellogg, M.D., LL.D., F.A.C.S., Tobaccoism or How Tobacco Kills (Battle Creek, MI: The Modern Medicine Publishing Co, 1922 and 1923), p 139. "Professor [W. N.] Boldyreff made another highly important observation which brings out clearly the probability of wide-spread and very serious injury to non-smokers in the inhalation of smoke-tainted air. The Professor, during the war was at one time engaged in training a body of troops in methods of defense against poisonous gases. In performing his duties he several times inhaled so much of the poisonous gas as to be quite severely poisoned by it. He, as well as others, found himself after this experience highly sensitized to poisonous gases of all sorts. It has long been known that this is a usual result of gas poisoning. In the words of the Professor, ‘A man who had been thus poisoned thereafter feels at once even the smallest amount of these gases in the air; he becomes, so to speak, the most sensitive indicator of their presence in the air. The Professor cites an interesting experience in illustration of this fact,— "‘At the time of one of the German gas attacks our soldiers, nurses, and higher medical staff, even when in the open air, did not notice a feeble current of poison gas that reached them; while the sick in the hospital at that place, who had been gassed before, at once felt the presence of the poison, although they were in a closed building. This happened in October when the doors were tightly closed and the windows had double frames, pasted up for the winter. These patients immediately raised the alarm and soon their statements were confirmed, as a real wave of the gas came. The gas, without any doubt, was harmful to the well people outdoors, although they were not aware of the presence of the poison. This case clearly shows that people may suffer injurious effects from poisonous gases, such as tobacco smoke, without being aware of the fact.’" "'People who have been poisoned with gas can at once detect the presence of an extremely small proportion of carbon monoxide in the air and, in general, are exceptionally sensitive to all harmful gaseous substances. They also become very sensitive to tobacco smoke. I have been told by many who were poisoned with gases during the war, that now they positively cannot endure tobacco smoke.’”—Kellogg, supra, pp 147-148. Tobacco Smoke Aggressiveness John Howard, M.D., Chief, California Division of Occupational Safety and Health, testified on TTS in a 20 Oct 1994 hearing before the California Assembly Committee on Labor and Employment that "tobacco smoke travels from its point of generation in a building to all other areas of the building. It has been shown to move through light fixtures, through ceiling crawl spaces, and into and out of doorways." This aggressive activity of TTS violates the right to "fresh and pure air," as the inherent dangerous nature and action of TTS constitutes it as "ultrahazardous activity." Tobacco Radioactivity For background, see E. A. Martell, "Tobacco Radioactivity and Cancer in Smokers," 63 American Scientist 404-412 (July-August 1975). "The remarkable concentrations of 210Pb on small Aitken particles, on tobacco trichomes, and in insoluble cigarette smoke particles dramatically illustrate . . . concentration and fractionation processes. Similarly remarkable concentration and fractionation processes are involved in the inhalation, deposition, retention, clearance, and accumulation of insoluble particles in the lung and other organs. . . . the particles are confined to less than a gram of lung tissue, in which the alpha disintegration rate is more than 1,000 times that of dissolved natural alpha activity. . . Giving rise to a substantial increase in the number of alpha-induced structural changes in chromosomes and thus in the tumor risk," p 411. Previously E.A. Martell had said in 249 Nature 217 (1974), 'Thus, is seems that alpha radiation from [Polonium-210] in insoluble smoke particles may be the primary agent of bronchial cancer in smoking." "Because 210Pb has a radioactive half-life of 22 years, the body burden of the radioactive 210 Pb and its radioactive daughter products — 210Bi (bismuth210) and 210Po — can continue to build up throughout the period of smoking . . . In addition, insoluble dust- particle accumulations in the lung and lymph nodes may ulcerate into adjoining blood vessels and be carried elsewhere in via the blood circulation. Thus long-term exposure to insoluble particles of respirable size leads to their accumulation in the lung. Lymph nodes, liver, bone marrow, and elsewhere," p 404. "Alpha-emitting particles in bone marrow may destroy many of the rapidly multiplying cells that produce the blood platelets which assist in the control of blood clotting. . . . In addition, the gradual increase in alpha radiationinduced chromosomal structural changes may be expected to contribute to the whole pattern of degenerative diseases of the cardiovascular and renal system," p 408. "Irradiation of endothelial cells of the artery wall has been shown to render them highly permeable to the passage of red cells, lymphocytes, small particles, lipids, cholesterol, etc., allowing their exchange between the blood and the intima of the artery wall. In addition, irradiation of arterial tissue results in morphologic changes, including radionecrosis and inflamation of the surrounding endothelial cells, radiation damage to red cells, and possible degeneration of lipids due to breakdown of red cells," p 410. Radioactive polonium is "being absorbed through the pulmonary circulation and carried by the systemic circulation to every tissue and cell, causing mutations . . . deviation of cellular characteristics . . . and early death from a body-wide spectrum of disease."—R. T. Ravenholt, 307 New Engl J Med (#5) 312 (29 July 1982). This "deteriorates and contaminates every organ and tissue with which it comes in contact in the body."—Theodore Frech and Luther Higley, The Evils of Tobacco and Cigarettes (Butler, Indiana: The Higley Printing Co, 1916), p 20. Such data on radioactivity rendering artery walls "highly permeable to the passage of red cells" helps explain what was described a century ago: "Autopsies have revealed large foci of softening in the brain, hemorrhages into the meninges, and capillary apoplexies in the brain substance."—G. W. Jacoby, 50 New York Medical Journal 172 (17 August 1889). Also, "Ecchymosis occurs in the pleura and peritoneum. Hyperemia of the lungs, brain, and cord is found. . . . Coarse lesions have been found in the brain and spinal cord."—L. P. Clark, 71 Medical Record (26) 1073 (29 June 1907). "A single burning cigarette in a closed room gives rise to particle concentrations of [approximately] 105 per cm3 . . . Extemely concentrated cloud of particles and vapors in mainstream smoke . . . Radon progeny on large mainstream smoke particles will be deposited in the tracheobronchial tree with a highly nonuniform distribution. Deposition in the right upper lobe of the human lung may approach twice that in the other four lobes . . . . Such particles are deposited with higher surface densities in the lobar and segmental bronchi than elsewhere within each lung lobe . . . selective deposition at bifurcations takes place for particles in both the diffusion and impaction subranges and results in highly localized ‘hot spots' at bifurcations. The hot spot intensities increase steeply with particle size . . . ."—E. A. Martell, "d-Radiation dose at Bronchial Bifurcations of Smokers from Indoor Exposure to Radon Progeny," 80 Proc Nat'l Acad Sci, U.S.A. 1285-1289 (March 1983), at p 1286. Also, "due to progressive damage to the epithelium at bifurcations of smokers, leading to lesions with loss of cilia . . . particle retention times . . . increase with smoking rate and duration of smoking in years. Albert et al. . . . demonstrated that most cigarette smokers had bronchial clearance, with an average half-time of 172 min. Particles that resist clearance would include those deposited at bifurcations in lesions with cilia absent. Particle halfresidence times of 172 min are sufficient for nearly complete decay of 214Po from deposited radon progeny associated with smoke tars . . . the bronchial epithelium is incapable of absorbing ore than negligible amounts of tar-further indication that radon progeny associated with smoke tar particles deposited at bifurcations may persist for substantial . . . decay of 214Po before clearance," p 1287. "210Pb-enriched smoke particles produced by tobacco trichome combustion are highly insoluble." "That inhaled tobacco tars are highly concentrated at segmental bifurcations of cigarette smokers is borne out by several lines of evidence. . . Ermala and Holsti . . . observed highly localized tar deposits in the tonsillar region, at the vocal cords, and at the tracheal and bronchial bifurcations--sites closely correlated with the clinical frequency of cancer of respiratory tract ins smokers. . . Little et al. . . . observed high local concentrations of 210Po at individual bifurcations of smokers," p 1287. "The age-related incidence of bronchial cancer in smokers, duration of smoking in years to the fifth power, indicates a multistage process of cancer induction involving at least two stages of DNA transformation." "Brues pointed out . . . that tumors arise focally in small irradiated tissue volumes," p 1289. "Radioactivity in Cigarette Smoke," by T. H. Winters and J. R. Di Franza, in 306 New Engl J of Med (#6) 364-365 (11 Feb 1982), indicates that "cells close to an alpha source receive high doses. . . . Alpha emitters in cigarette smoke result in appreciable radiation exposure to the bronchial epithelium of smokers and probably secondhand smokers." Also, "After inhalation, ciliary action causes the insoluble radioactive particles to accumulate at the bifurcation of segmental bronchi, a common site of origin of broncogenic carcinomas." Those "cells close to an alpha source receive high doses," for example, "a dose of 1000 rems." Winters and Di Franza thus conclude that "The detrimental effects of tobacco smoke have been considerably underestimated, making it less likely that chemical carcinogens alone are responsible for the observed incidence of tobacco-related carcinoma." The article, "Environmental Radiation Hazards," by Alan Steinfeld, in 22 American Family Physician (#4) 95-99 (Oct 1980), indicates at 96 "guidelines for exposure. For occupationally exposed workers, the level is 5 rems (5,000 mrems) per year . . . . Members of the general public are permitted one-tenth of this amount, or 0.5 rem (500 mrems) per year." Cf. "a dose of 1000 rems," words from Winters and Di Franza. Steinfield indicates, at 98, "By comparison, the average annual dose to the U.S. population from nuclear reactors under normal operating conditions is 0.002 mrem per year. The dose rate at the boundary of a nuclear facility is legally limited to no more than 5 mrems per year." The radioactivity in TTS enhances its "ultrahazardous" nature and impact and foreseeably impacts nonsmokers also, as some decades of data shows: "About 50 percent of cancer attributed to smoking could be caused by radioactivity, according to Drs. Thomas H. Winter and Joseph R. Di Franza, at the University of Massachusetts Medical School. . . . "In the lungs of some persons smoking 1½ packs of cigarettes per day are areas of radiation concentration equivalent to 300 X-rays annually. The particles tend to collect at the branches of the bronchial tubes, a common location for cancers to occur. . . . . "Radiation is emitted by polonium 210 and lead 210, which are found in tobacco filaments and insoluble particles in tobaccco smoke. "Winters and Di Franza say the studies also contain some evidence that the radioactivity affects nonsmokers as well. They say 75 percent of the radiation in cigarette smoke enters the air and could be inhaled by those who work or associate with smokers. "'The detrimental effects of tobacco smoke have been considerably underestimated, making it less likely that chemical carcinogens alone are responsible for the observed incidence of tobacco-related carcinoma,' the doctors report."—"Half of 'Smoking' Cancers Caused by Radiation," 28 Smoke Signals (4) 8 (April 1982). More information on radioactivity in cigarettes can be obtained at • Philip Morris' website, http://www.pmdocs.com/ using the search engine term, "radioactive cigarettes," and • Lorillard's website, http://www.lorillarddocs.com/. For radioactivity data, click here. For tobacco lobby effort to debunk such ingredients data, see this 25 July 1974 data. TTS violates the public "right to fresh and pure air" and constitutes garbage, matter being disposed of. So pursuant to a long line of case law, TTS constitutes a nuisance per se. The bottom line is that emitting TTS is an "ultrahazardous activity" as that term is defined in professional material. See an analysis of the concept by the U.S. Supreme Court in the case of Laird v Nelms, 406 US 797; 92 S Ct 1899; 32 L Ed 2d 499 (1972). There, sonic booms and dynamite blasting are discussed in context of "ultrahazardous activity." Each produces a spreading effect. Cigarettes do that via fires and via their toxic chemicals, superheated, aggressive motion, moving at high speed. In contrast to sonic booms and dynamite blasting, cigarettes kill 37,000,000 in the U.S. alone, and constitute a "holocaust." This is the most "ultrahazardous activity" on earth. Are you convinced? Or do you want to know more than this "tip of the iceberg" of cigarettes' deleteriousness? There is much more, beyond the scope of this one paper. Related Tobacco Ingredients/Exposure Sites Coumarin as a Cigarette Adulterant Smokers' Chemical Exposure Self-Test Nonsmokers' Chemical Exposure Self- Test The 1999 World Health Organization Report The 'National Poisons Centre' of Malaysia The BAT Biological-Conference Report Tobacco Hallucinogens For introduction, see Oscar Janiger, and Mariene Dobkin de Rios, "Suggestive Hallucinogenic Properties of Tobacco," 4 Medical Anthropology Newsletter (#4) 6-11 (1973); and Jan G. R. Elferink, "The Narcotic and Hallucinogenic Use of Tobacco in Pre-Columbian Central America," 7 Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111-122 (1983). "Native use of tobacco parallels that of other hallucinogenic substances . . . The amounts of harman and norharman in cigarette smoke are about 10-20 mcg. per cigarette. This is about 40 to 100 times greater than that found in the tobacco leaf, indicating that pyrosynthesis occurs in the leaves during the burning . . . . harmine in relatively small doses crosses the blood-brain barrier and causes changes in the neural transmission in the visual system."—Oscar Janiger, M.D., and Marlene Dobkin De Rios, M.D., "Nicotiana an Hallucinogen?," 30 Econ Bot 149-151 (April-June 1976). Hallucinogens function on the brain, adversely impacting it, by impact on brain chemicals such as serotonin.—Jacobs, Barry L, "How Hallucinogenic Drugs Work," 75 American Scientist (#4) 386-392 (Jul-Aug 1987). One result of an altered serotonin level is smokers' disproportionately increased suicide rate. For perspective, see medical analyses of 1990; 1876; and 1890-1891. Tobacco is For Bug Spray "Displaying an enviable spark of intelligence in their pin-head minds, insects recognize that tobacco does them no good and they do their best to keep away from it. You can take advantage of their good sense by putting a handful of tobacco or tobacco wastes in water to make a spray. Let the meal steep for 24 hours, and then dilute the solution to the color of weak tea. Stems can be purchased from florists and seedsmen, and store-bought plug tobacco works fine. Or, you can save a little time and effort by purchasing a tobacco extract and following the directions on the package. Tobacco sprays spread better if soap is added, but be sure to rinse the |119plants with clear water after each application so that foliage is not burned. This is potent juice, and should be used well before releasing beneficials in the garden. Tobacco sprays do funny things to roses, so unless the prospect of black roses piques your curiosity, use another spray."—Roger P. Yepsen, Jr., et al., Organic Plant Protection (Emmaus, Pa: Rodale Press, 1976), pp 118-119. Examples of Tobacco Company Lawsuits Objecting to Revealing Ingedients Philip Morris, Inc. v Harshberger, Mass Atty Gen, Case 97-8022 Philip Morris, Inc. v Harshberger, Mass Atty Gen, Case 98-1199 According to the Rhode Island State Attorney General Web Site, "A $15,000 fine was paid to the Department of Attorney General by United States Tobacco Company (UST). The fine is part of the settlement with the AG for making misleading claims about the lack of scientific facts to establish smokeless tobacco to be a cause of oral cancer. The comments, a violation of the Consent Decree and Final Judgement between the State of Rhode Island and the Tobacco Companies, were made by a UST spokesperson to the Providence Journal in an article published April 7, 1999." First Time Use Effects Narratives No "Nonsmokers" "It has rightly been observed that, if a 'non-smoker' is strictly construed as one who has never had any contact with tobacco-smoke, non-smokers in any . . . urban society are virtually non-existent. Not only, in such societies, is practically everyone exposed to passive inhalation of tobacco smoke, but a very considerable number of 'non-smokers' have once tried . . . smoking before renouncing the practice."—Paul S. Larson, Ph.D., H. B. Haag, M.D., and Herbert Silvette, Ph.D., "Measurement of Tobacco Smoking," 88 Medical Times (#4) 417-429, at p 425 (April 1960). This poervasiveness meets the definition for "universal malice." To find “the purest nonsmoking population that can be obtained in the USA,” there is [now] only “the Amish population . . . in Lancaster County [Pennsylvania].”--G. H. Miller, Ph.D., “Lung Cancer: A Comparison of Incidence Between the Amish and Non-Amish in Lancaster County,” 76 J Indiana State Med Assn (#2) 121-123 (February 1983). It was not always so bad. Early Americans were quite health conscious. This American trait was noticed by the famous French writer, Alexis de Tocqueville, who in 1835, wrote, "In America the passion for physical wellbeing is general [common]." This unique American trait was still being alluded to now 160+ years later, by William A. Check, PhD, The Mind-Body Connection in Dale C. Garrell, MD, The Encyclopedia of Health: Medical Disorders and Their Treatment (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1990). The next year after 1835, in 1836, a blunt health fact was widely circulated to Americans: the fact that doctors deemed it already well-established "that thousands and tens of thousands die of diseases of the lungs generally brought on by tobacco smoking. . . . How is it possible to be otherwise? Tobacco is a poison. A man will die of an infusion of tobacco as of a shot through the head." —Samuel Green, New England Almanack and Farmer's Friend (1836). Americans took heed. Result: Declining U.S. tobacco use, reported by J. B. Neil, 1 The Lancet (#1740) p 23 (3 Jan 1857). Prior to mass advertising, non-smoking was "common" in the U.S.—Prof. John Hinds, The Use of Tobacco (Nashville, Tenn: Cumberland Presbyterian Publishing House, 1882), p. 10. Tobacco Ingredients' Effects Abortion Addiction AIDS Alcoholism Alzheimer's Birth Defects Brain Damage Breast Cancer Crime Divorce Drugs Fires Hearing Loss Heart Disease Lung Cancer Macular Degeneration Mental Disorder Seat Belt Disuse SIDS Suicide Tobacco ingredients' and emissions' lethality is such that they do indeed, even second-hand, cause, e.g., abortions. Do not count on professed "ventilation experts" to protect you or your family. So-called experts' actions have been, can be, foreseeably are, inadequate, hence the deaths of vast numbers of non-smokers has resulted. For one analysis of the inadequacy of what professed "ventilation experts" do, see the paper by Stanton A. Glantz, Ph.D. and Suzaynn Schick, Ph.D., "Implications of ASHRAE's Guidance on Ventilation in Smoking-Permitted Areas," ASHRAE Journal 54-59 (March 2004). Example: So-called ventilation experts have decades of not controlling the air quality in smoky bars. The result, "Air Worse in Smoky Bars Than on Truck-Choked Roads," says Linda Johnson, The Associated Press (19 September 2004), citing genuine professional James L. Repace, "the researcher who first showed secondhand smoke causes thousands of U.S. lung cancer deaths each year." Repace is a "visiting assistant clinical professor at Tufts University School of Medicine in Boston." The full study is in the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, vol 46, issue 9, pages 887-905 (September 2004), entitled, "Respirable Particles and Carcinogens in the Air of Delaware Hospitality Venues Before and After a Smoking Ban." The article was also reported, by CNN, as "Smoky bars top roads for bad air." How do so-called "ventilation experts" come up with different results: In this web-writers experience, the answer includes (a) falsifying results; (2) avoiding studying pertinent toxic chemicals; and (3) doing studies at odd times, e.g., after hours when smokers and smoke are not present. The Michigan law banning cigarettes with deleterious ingredients, MCL § 750.27, MSA § 28.216, is clearly a life-saver, intended to prevent cigarettes with dangerous ingredients!! Only safe cigarettes, if any, can legally be manufactured, given away, and sold in Michigan. Governor John Engler (1989-2001) and his staff were supportive and tried to halt cigarette smuggling, issuing five memoranda on the subject. AND STILL THE BODY BEGINS TO HEAL ITSELF JUST 20 MINUTES AFTER YOUR LAST CIGARETTE MAKES YA THINK DOESN’T IT? CHAPTER III SURPRISE! THE TEST WE PROMISED (YES WE DID PROMISE YOU A TEST!) How Much Do You REALLY Know? Take this quiz to see how much you REALLY know about smoking, and its affects on people like you: 1. How many teens become addicted each day? a. 900 b. 3000 c. 200 d. 10 2. How many people does smoking kill every year in the U.S.? a.50,000 b. 1,000,000 c. 434,000 d. 700,000 3. How many seconds does it take for nicotine to travel through your blood to your brain? a. 1 minute b. 54 seconds c. 1 hour d. 8 seconds 4. If you were to save the money you spent to buy two packs of cigarettes a day, how much money would you save in twenty years? a. $30,000 b.$58,200 c.$7,900 d. $500 5.Other than lung cancer, which of the following could be caused by smoking? a. Pancreatic b. Breast c. All of the Above d. None of the above- it just causes lung cancer TRUE OR FALSE: 6. 8 out of 10 teens smoke. a. true b.false 7. $500,000 is spent every day on tobacco advertising. a. true b. false 8. 10 years after you quit smoking, your chances of developing smoking-related diseases are almost as if you'd never smoked before. a. true b. false 9. Smoking around children will not affect them at all. a. true b. false 10. Tobacco companies target teens because they are vulnerable and rebellious. a. true b. false NO WE’RE NOT GOING TO GIVE YOU THE ANSWERS TO THIS TEST. YOU FIND OUT FOR YOURSELF! CHAPTER IV THE EFFECTS OF SECOND HAND SMOKE I know you would rather chew glass than read this information. But you need to know this. It is essential to your recovery that you have full awareness of how your smoking affects people around you… YOUR CHILDREN, YOUR LOVED ONES, YOUR FRIENDS, STRANGERS…EVERYONE SUFFERS FROM YOUR DISEASE, NOT JUST YOU! READ EVERY WORD OF THIS This is not the drone of someone trying to tell you what to do with your life, it is a fact. Just because they are sold in stores doesn't mean they're ok. And sure, they make you look bad when you smoke them, because it is bad to smoke them. Bad like a rotten, moldy sandwich in the bottom of the refrigerator, or like oven cleaner on your Frosted Flakes. The only ones who are really bad are the corporation executives in their yachts, laughing at you while you get cancer, and make them rich. Here is a partial list of the chemicals in Commercially manufactured cigarettes. The first part are chemicals known to cause cancer, called carcinogens. Here are chemicals in secondhand smoke Dimethylnitrosamine Ethylmethylnitrosamine Nitrosopyrrolidine Hydrazine Vinyl Chloride Urethane Formaldehyde Other Toxic Agents: Carbon Monoxide Hydrogen Cyanide Acrolein Acetadehyde Nitrogen oxides Ammonia Pyridine Nitric acid Mathylamine Hydrogen cyanide Indole 3-hydroxypyridine 3-vinylpyridine Acetone Acetonitrile Acrolein 1,3-Butadiene, mg Nitrous acid isoquioline Isoamylamine 3-Cyanopyridine This is only a partial list. They put these chemicals in cigarettes to reduce tar while maintaining the level of nicotine necessary to keep them addictive. Keeping the tar down helps to calm people's fears about health risks. Since the companies are free of any supervision they are not compelled to reveal the chemicals they use. But recent breaks in the wall of secrecy have revealed that cigarettes are only about 40% tobacco, and 60% other junk. (From: E. L. Wynder, M.D., and D. Hoffman, Ph.D., Tobacco and Health, The New England Journal of Medicine, April 19, 1979) A new book by Richard Kluger called Ashes to Ashes: America's Hundred-year cigarette war, the public health, and the unabashed triumph of Philip Morris details dramatically how the cigarette industry consciously controls and strengthens the nicotine levels in cigarettes. Kluger also shows that the industry knowingly focuses advertising on 10 to 16 year olds; knowing that that age group is the most easily hooked. He presents recent scientific evidence that adolescents are the most susceptible to nicotine. He shows how their financial clout has bought them immunity from the laws binding the rest of society. Secondhand Smoke Smokers scorn nonsmokers' disgust for cigarette smoke, saying they're just "jumping on the bandwagon," or being PC, or being fussy wimps. Here's the point: Cigarette fumes contain harmful chemicals. That is why being trapped in cigarette smoke is not like being trapped in a portable toilet. It's not the smell, it's the instantaneous physical, somatic reactions. It's like the difference between the air in a barnyard and the air in an unventilated garage with an idling diesel bus. The first is merely unpleasant, the second is poisonous. The physical reaction (sweaty palms, nausea, headache) all warn of danger, and urge whoever to get into some fresh air immediately. In days of old canaries were kept in coal mines, because if there was coal gas in the air, the canaries would die more quickly than the miners, alerting them to the danger. Coal gas and cigarette smoke are both unescapable when they permeate the local air. And it didn't take government studies to come to this conclusion. Non-smokers have always sensed it, but had no corraborating evidence, until now. Here's the latest information from the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (I hear you groaning, Rush) Component (Known or How much more is in probable carcinogens) sidestream smoke Polonium-210 1 to 4 times Benzo[a]pyrene 2.5 to 3.5 times Hydrazine 3 times 1,3 butadiene 3 to 6 times Benzene N-nitrosopyrrolidine Cadmium Nickel N-nitrosodimenthylamine Aniline 2-Naphthylamine 4-Aminobiphenyl N-nitrodiethylamine 5 to 10 times 6 to 30 times 7.2 times 13 to 30 times 20 to 100 times 30 times 30 times 31 times up to 40 times An R.J. Reynolds' advertisement recently attempted to minimize the sidestream smoke issue, showing low exposure numbers, but because they only counted nicotine. Nicotine is not carcinogenic (cancer causing), and smaller amounts are needed to satisfy customers who are already addicted. In the fine print, Reynold's states: "use of other compounds may give different results." They certainly do. A New York research team reported in 1993 that it had measured the metabolic products of a tobacco carcinogen, NNK, in the urine of nonsmokers exposed to the conditions of a very smoky bar. The measurements were 10 times as high as those taken before the volunteers were exposed to smoke. Smoking is so Glamorous Cigarettes have engendered a culture of panhandlers and litterers. "Bumming a cigarette" is a new thing that began after WWII, when cigarettes first became ubiquitous. And it's obvious that smokers consider the world their personal ashtray, when you see butts everywhere on the ground where they gather. Kids often say they take up smoking because they think it makes them look "mature" or older. Cigarettes don't just make a person look older, they make a person look old. Smokers age more quickly, and if you like the idea of looking 60 when you're 40, then smoke away. If you're 16, you'll be 40 before you know it, and if you smoke, you'll look 60 (if you're not dead from cigarette chemicals first...) There's an old story about people in a lifeboat. One guy is bored, and starts cutting a hole in the bottom of the boat. The others object, but the guy says "Why are you worried, the hole is under my seat!" This is the just like the inconsiderate smoker who lights up in a room full of people who aren't smoking. So here is what your loved ones Get to breathe when you smoke… Cancer Causing Agents: Nitrosamines, Crysenes, Cadmium, Benzo (a) pyrene, Polonium 210, Nickel, P.A.H.s, Diberiz Acidine, B-Napthylamine, Urethane, N. Nitrosonornicotene, Toluidine Metals: Aluminum, Zinc, Magnesium, Mercury, Gold, Silicon, Silver, Titanium, Lead, Copper And more: Acetone (nail polish remover), Acetic Acid (Vinegar), Ammonium (Floor/Toilet Cleaner), Arsenic (poison), Butane (cigarette lighter fluid), Cadmium (rechargeable batteries), Carbon Monoxide (car exhaust fumes), DDT/Dieldrin (Insecticides), Ethanol (alcohol), Formaldehyde (preserver of body tissue and fabric), Hexamine (barbecue lighter), Hydrogen Cyanide (gas chamber poison), Methane (swamp gas), Methanol (rocket fuel), Napthalene (mothballs), Nicotine ( insecticide/addictive drug), Nitrobenzene (gasoline additive), Nitrous Oxide Phenols (disinfectant), Steric Acid (candle wax), Toluene (industrial solvent), Vinyl Chloride (makes PVC) WE KNOW IT MAKES YOU FEEL AWFUL WE WERE RIGHT THERE WITH YOU HUNDREDS AND HUNDREDS OF PEOPLE SUCKED IN THE FUMES OF THE CIGARETTES WE SMOKED! WE WERE ADDICTED JUST LIKE YOU AND IF WE CAN GET ONE PERSON (THAT WOULD BE YOU!) TO QUIT AND SAVE THE LIVES OF THE PEOPLE AROUND THEM, OUR AMMENDS PROCESS TO THOSE WE HAVE HARMED WILL HAVE BEGUN! OKAY JUST ONE MORE THING AND THEN WE’LL MOVE ON October 2005 • The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has determined that the risk of acute myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease associated with exposure to tobacco smoke is non-linear at low doses, increasing rapidly with relatively small doses such as those received from secondhand smoke (SHS) or actively smoking one or two cigarettes a day, and has warned that all patients at increased risk of coronary heart disease or with known coronary artery disease should avoid all indoor environments that permit smoking.1 • The effects of even brief exposure (minutes to hours) to secondhand smoke are often nearly as large (averaging 80% to 90%) as chronic active smoking.2 • Secondhand smoke is as damaging to a fetus as if the mother were inhaling the smoke directly from a cigarette.3 • Long-term exposure to secondhand smoke increases the risk of developing breast cancer in younger, primarily premenopausal, women.4 • A study of hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction in Helena, Montana before, during, and after a local law eliminating smoking in workplaces and public places was in effect, has determined that laws to enforce smokefree workplaces and public places may be associated with a reduction in morbidity from heart disease.5 • A June 2004 study published in the British Medical Journal reaffirmed that there are virtually no health disparities between active and passive smoking. The risks of heart disease associated with secondhand smoke are twice what were previously thought and are virtually indistinguishable from those associated with active smoking.6 • There is a link between secondhand smoke to an increased risk of stroke. Regular exposure to secondhand smoke, such as in restaurants, heightens one's chance of stroke by 50 percent.7 • The 1999 National Cancer Institute Monograph 10, based on the 1997 Cal-EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) review of population-based studies, confirmed that SHS is fatal and has numerous non-fatal health effects. SHS chemicals include irritants and systemic toxicants, mutagens, and carcinogens, and reproductive and developmental toxicants. More than 50 compounds in tobacco smoke are known carcinogens. SHS exposure causes lung and nasal sinus cancer, heart disease, and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Serious impacts of SHS on children include asthma induction and exacerbation, bronchitis and pneumonia, middle ear infection, chronic respiratory symptoms, and low birth weight.8,9 • SHS is the third leading cause of preventable death in this country, killing 53,000 nonsmokers in the U.S. each year. For every eight smokers the tobacco industry kills, it takes one nonsmoker with them.10,11 • SHS is a major source of PM [particulate matter] pollution - a risk factor for pulmonary disease, asthma, and lung cancer - and that three cigarettes smouldering in a room emits up to 10-fold more PM pollution than an ecodiesel engine. The study concluded that high levels of PM exposure from SHS may account for frequent episodes of short term respiratory damage in nonsmokers.12 • Secondhand smoke exposure during childhood has been associated with an increased risk of spinal pain, such as neck pain and back pain in adult life. Researchers suggest this may be due to the negative effects of smoke exposure during childhood on the developing spine.13 • Secondhand smoke exposure impairs a child's ability to learn. It is neurotoxic even at extremely low levels. More than 21.9 million children are estimated to be at risk of reading deficits because of secondhand smoke. Higher levels of exposure to secondhand smoke are also associated with greater deficits in math and visuospatial reasoning.14 • The excess risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) associated with passive smoking is 50-60%, twice what was previously thought by researchers, and the risks of CHD for passive smoking are virtually indistinguishable from active smoking. A study published in the July 2004 edition of the British Medical Journal found higher risks of CHD because, rather than using marriage to a smoker or working in a smoky environment as their measure of exposure, the study's authors used plasma cotinine (metabolized nicotine), a direct biochemical measure of total SHS) exposure. By doing so, they captured SHS's entire exposure effect.15 • Even a half hour of secondhand smoke exposure causes heart damage similar to that of habitual smokers. Nonsmokers' heart arteries showed a reduced ability to dilate, diminishing the ability of the heart to get life-giving blood. In addition, the same half hour of secondhand smoke exposure activates blood platelets, which can initiate the process of atherosclerosis (blockage of the heart's arteries) that leads to heart attacks. These effects explain other research showing that nonsmokers regularly exposed to SHS suffer death or morbidity rates 30% higher than those of unexposed nonsmokers.16,17 • The 1986 Report of the Surgeon General; the 1986 National Research Council report, Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Measuring Exposures and Assessing Health Effects; and the 1992 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency report, Respiratory Health Effects of Passive Smoking: Lung Cancer and Other Disorders, established that SHS exposure causes lung cancer.18,19 • The 2002 Environmental Health Information Service's 10th Report on Carcinogens classifies SHS as a Group A (Human) Carcinogen - a substance known to cause cancer in humans. There is no safe level of exposure for Group A toxins. In addition, the 2002 World Health Organization International Agency's (IARC) Monograph on Tobacco Smoking, both Active and Passive concluded that nonsmokers are exposed to the same carcinogens as active smokers.20,21 • In 1991, data showed that nearly 90 percent of the U.S. population had measurable levels of serum cotinine in their blood. In 2002, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals found more than a 75 percent decrease in median cotinine levels for nonsmokers in the U.S. since 1991- an indication that smokefree environments significantly reduce exposure to SHS.22,23 CHAPTER V THE EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON CHILDREN We won’t lie. You’re gonna hate this. But you need to know about this stuff. Part of Debbie’s story is the remorse she felt after quitting when she recalled smoking thoughtlessly around her three year old stepson. It never occurred to her that she was hurting him. So please do yourself a favor and read this. If you don’t have kids, read it anyway. You’ll be more inspired than ever to encourage your friends with kids to stop smoking. How Smoking Affects Your Unborn Child The reasons to quit smoking could fill a book. If you're planning to have a baby or are already pregnant, you have one more very important reason to quit smoking—the health of your unborn child. Consider these facts. Smoking and Birth Weight When you smoke, your unborn baby smokes, too. On average, babies of women who smoke weigh less at birth than babies of nonsmokers. And if you smoke a lot during pregnancy—more than a pack a day—the baby's birth weight is likely to be even lower. This is not surprising, since the nicotine in cigarettes causes the baby's blood to be starved of the oxygen needed for healthy growth. Although the baby quickly gains back the lost weight, by age 7 a child of a mother who smoked during pregnancy is still more likely than other children to be shorter in height, slower at reading and lower in "social adjustment" than children of nonsmoking mothers. Smoking and Infant Mortality Statistics show that infant mortality—the death of the baby either at birth or through a miscarriage—is 50 percent higher when the mother smokes. That means nonsmokers experience half as many infant mortalities. Children of smokers are also 2½ times more likely to die of sudden infant death syndrome, or crib death. The good news is that if you stop smoking by the fourth month of pregnancy, you can significantly reduce these dangers. Smoking and Your Health Parenting is a demanding job. You need to be in peak condition. And you want to be there for your children. People who smoke have higher rates of illness and more serious health problems than nonsmokers. Lung cancer alone kills 30,000 women a year. Stop smoking now, so you'll be able to take care of your children when they need you. Smoking and Your Family's Health It's now known that passive smoking—the smoke inhaled by nonsmokers when a smoker is in the room—is unhealthy. This is especially true for children who are particularly sensitive to the problems caused by passive smoking. The Benefits of Quitting You can see that your unborn child will benefit from your quitting. This goes for fathers as well as mothers. And the benefits start right away. With time, you—and your children—will be just as healthy as nonsmoking families. Quitting smoking is not easy, but with help, you can do it. Enroll in a stop-smoking program now. Make it a family project. Study shows smoking during pregnancy can affect behavior of children Babies whose mothers smoke while they're pregnant could be at an increased risk of growing up to be criminals, new research suggests. Although such links have been studied in children and teenagers, researchers say a study published in this month's Archives of General Psychiatry is the first to examine the relationship between mothers who smoke and their children's adult behavior. While stopping short of saying that babies whose mothers smoked while pregnant will become criminals, researchers say their findings are significant. "Our results support our hypothesis that maternal smoking during pregnancy is related to increased rates of crime in adult offspring," the authors wrote, adding that the results "suggest an additional critical reason to support public health efforts aimed at improving maternal health behaviors during pregnancy." However an expert not involved in the study said there is not enough research to say that prenatal smoking can be a risk factor for adult crimes. The researchers from Emory University in Atlanta, the University of Southern California and the Institute of Preventive Medicine in Denmark based their findings on data for 4,169 males born in Copenhagen between September 1959 and December 1961 and studied the men's arrest histories at age 34. The number of cigarettes their mothers had smoked during the third trimester of pregnancy affected the men's arrests for nonviolent and violent crimes as adults, even after factoring out other possible causes such as alcohol use, divorce, income and home environment, researchers said in the study, which was released Sunday. Only one other risk factor - delivery complications - was found to be significant. Researchers found that more than a quarter of the men whose mothers had the highest levels of smoking and delivery complications were arrested for a violent crime as an adult. Further study should be aimed at determining the effects of smoking on the brain of developing fetuses and to see if specific agents in tobacco smoke can be more directly linked to antisocial behavior, they said. A spokeswoman for Patricia Brennan, the study's lead author and a researcher at Emory's Department of Psychology, did not return a page Sunday seeking comment. But David Fergusson, a psychiatric epidemiologist at the Christchurch School of Medicine in New Zealand, said there is not enough research to add prenatal smoking to the list of established risk factor for adult crimes. Fergusson, who wrote an editorial accompanying the article, said the study did not rule out the possibility that genetics - not smoking - caused behavior problems. "Mothers who smoke during pregnancy are often young women who have previous misconduct problems and there is quite an inheritability of misconduct problems," Fergusson said in a telephone interview Sunday. Cigarette Smoke & Kids' Health Second hand smoke is a major cause of children's illness -- yet 85% of adults who smoke and who live with a child do not ensure that the child is not exposed to the smoke from their cigarettes. PSC analysis of Smoking in homes with Children • Press Release • Highlight Sheet #1. Smoking in Homes: Are children at risk? (PDF) • Highlight Sheet #2. Smoking in Homes: Are all smokers the same? (PDF) • Highlight Sheet #3. Smoking in Homes: Does health knowledge make a difference? (PDF) Background on Smoking & Kids' health • Background Sheet: Second-hand Smoke and Children's Health (PDF) • Background Sheet: Impact of second hand smoke on children's health, findings by major health agencies (from World Health Organization Report) (PDF) • World Health Organization: Consultation report. Enviornmental Tobacco Smoke and Child Health. Tobacco Free Initiative, World Health Organization, June 1999. (PDF) Background on Smoking & Kids' health • the impact of second-hand smoke on kids health • adults' knowledge about impact on kids • number of kids' exposed at home • impact of mothers' smoking on the fetus • why kids are especially vulnerable • what's in second-hand smoke • support for bans on smoking around children • how smokers' beliefs differ from non-smokers' The impact of second-hand smoke on kids health Second-hand smoke (which is sometimes called environmental tobacco smoke or ETS) contains toxic substances, over 40 of which cause cancer. Some of these substances are in stronger concentrations in second-hand smoke than they are in the smoke that goes directly into smokers’ lungs. ETS is causally linked with a number of adverse health effects in children (under 18), including: • lower respiratory tract infections (i.e. croup, bronchitis and pneumonia) • increased fluid in the middle ear • upper respiratory tract irritation • reduced lung function • additional episodes of asthma • increased severity of asthmatic symptoms in children • reduced oxygen flow to tissues, comparable to children with anemia, cyanotic heart disease or chronic lung disease † ETS is also associated with: • Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) • acute middle ear infections (otitis media) • tonsillectomy • meningococcal infections • cancers and leukemias in childhood • slower growth • adverse neurobehavioural effects • upper respiratory tract infections (colds and sore throats) • unfavorable cholesterol levels and initiation of atherosclerosis (heart disease) † A British study found that SIDS deaths could be reduced by two-thirds if parents did not smoke.*** A U.S. analysis** of over 100 reports on pædiatric diseases concluded that children’s exposure to tobacco smoke is responsible for up to: • 13% of ear infection (approximately 220,000 ear infections in Canadian children)* • 26% of tympanostomy tube insertions (approximately 16,500 in Canada) • 24% of tonsillectomies and adenoidectomies (approx. 2,100 Canadian operations) • 13% of asthma cases (approx. 52,200 cases in Canada) • 16% of physician visits for cough (approx. 200,000 visits in Canada) • 20% of all lung infections in children under 5 (approx. 43,600 cases of bronchitis in Canada and 19,000 cases of pneumonia in Canada) • 136-212 childhood deaths from lower respiratory infection (approx. 13-20 in Canada) • 148 childhood deaths from fires started by tobacco products (approx. 15 in Canada) Number of kids exposed to cigarette smoke in their homes Almost half of all Canadian children under the age of 15, some 2.8 million children, are exposed to second-hand smoke on a regular basis. [Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Health on second reading debate of Bill C-24, June 6, 1996]. Four in 10 Canadian households include someone who regularly smokes in the home. Neither the presence of children nor their age affects whether or not homes are kept smoke-free. A further 40% of Canadian homes have no regular smoker living there, but permit visitors to smoke in their home. Only 19% of Canadian homes are smoke-free. [Survey on Smoking in Canada 1994-95, Cycle 2 In smoker’s homes, an average of 18 cigarettes a day are smoked. In only 1 in 5 of these households are cigarettes not smoked directly in front of children. Smokers are more likely to have mainly smokers in their social circle, and their children are more likely to be in contact with these smoking friends and relatives than are the children of non-smokers. [An Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Concerning Environmental Tobacco Smoke, 1995 – Ekos Research Associates] Impact of mothers' smoking on the fetus Maternal smoking can affect the fetus and the outcome of the pregnancy. Smoking deprives the fetus of needed oxygen and other nutrients. This may result in: • deficits in intellectual ability and behavioral problems • low birth weight or intra-uterine growth retardation • spontaneous abortion (miscarriage) • stillbirth • reduced lung function in the baby • complications in pregnancy Exposure to someone else’s smoking can harm an expectant mother’s baby. Research into this area is still incomplete, and the full effects are still unknown. What we do know is that the best chance for a healthy baby and healthy mother is a pregnancy where both are not exposed to any tobacco smoke. [Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) in Home Environments, Health Canada, 1996]. Why kids are especially vulnerable Young children are especially vulnerable to second-hand smoke in the home because: • they breathe more air relative to body weight (and for the same level of exposure will absorb more tobacco smoke toxins) • they are less able to complain (either because they are too young, or because their complaints are ignored) • their immune system is less protective • they are less able to remove themselves from exposure What's in second-hand smoke Tobacco smoke contains more than 4,000 substances, of which more than 40 are known to cause cancer. These carcinogens include: arsenic. nickel, chromium, cadmium, lead, polonium-210, vinyl chloride, formaldehyde, benz(a)anthracene, benzo[b]fouoranthene, benzo[j]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, chrysene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, dibenzo[a,I]pyrene, dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, indeno [1,2,3-c,d]pyrene, 5-methylchrysene, quinoline, dibenz[a,h]acridine, dibenz[a,j]acridine, 7Hdibenzo[c,g]carbazole, N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosoethylmethylamine, Nnitrosodiethylamine, N-snitrosopyrrolidine, N-nitrosodimethylamine, N’-nitrosonornicotine, 4(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, N’-nitrosoanabasine, N-nitrosomorpholine, 2toluidine, 2-naphthylamine, 4-aminobiphenyl, acetaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, benzene, acrylonitrile, 1,1-dimethylhydrazine, 2-nitropropane, ethylcarbamate, hydrazine. Even if smoking is restricted to a single room, the harmful constituents of cigarette smoke can be dispersed throughout the house. Many of these highly dangerous chemicals are in invisible gas form. Setting an example Many parents avoid doing things in front of their children which they don’t want the children to imitate – like swearing or jay-walking. If you smoke, it may be a good idea not to smoke in front of your children: children whose parents smoke are twice as likely to become regular smokers. Support for bans on smoking around children Canadians care about children, and want to protect them from harm. That’s why parents ensure their children wear seat-belts in the car, and why they listen carefully to public health warnings. For example, many parents were recently prompted to change their window coverings when it was learned that some imported blinds contained leaded plastics. (Tobacco smoke also contains significant amount of lead and other toxic chemicals). But researchers have only recently established the seriousness of the harm caused to children by tobacco smoke. Many Canadian parents and caregivers are not yet aware of the variety of illnesses it causes. Some of them mistakenly think opening a window or smoking in another room will remove the risks. Canadians spend 90% of their time indoors; when tobacco smoke is present, inddor air is highly polluted. A large survey in 1995 showed that 60% of Ontarians thought that parents spending time with small children should not smoke at all inside the house, and another 33% said they should smoke only in another part of the house. Only 8% thought that these parents should feel free to smoke in front of their children. But the same Ontarians think that families – not governments – should set the rules. Most did not support legislation to stop parents from smoking inside their homes when children are present (35.5% strongly or somewhat agreed; 63.5% strongly or somewhat disagreed). And they were divided on whether there should be laws against smoking inside cars when children are present (50.6% agreed; 48.4% disgreed). [Ontario Alcohol and Other Drug Opinion Survey, 1995] An overwhelming majority of child-care workers surveyed (91%) strongly agreed that "There should be regulations regarding smoking around children that all child-care providers should follow" [Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Knowledge, Attitudes and Actions of Parents, Children and Child Care Providers, Health Canada, 1995] How smokers' beliefs differ from non-smokers' A survey by University of Waterloo researchers showed that smokers were much less likely than non-smokers to believe that: • second-hand smoke hurts non-smokers (77% to 93%) • second-hand smoke caused lung cancer in non-smokers (54% to 79%) And that they were much more likely to believe that: • air pollution is a greater health risk to non-smokers than second-hand smoke (51% to 35%) • people are too concerned about the effect of other people’s smoking (63% vs. 33%) • evidence of the dangers of second-hand smoke is exaggerated (46% vs. 32%) CHILDREN AND SECOND-HAND SMOKE The 1994 U.S. Surgeon General's report states that second-hand smoke harms children. Children who breathe second-hand smoke have more ear infections, more severe asthma attacks and more breathing problems than children who live in smoke-free homes.14 Where tobacco use is allowed, children often have no way of protecting themselves from exposure to second-hand smoke. The 1994 Surgeon General `s report also discusses the increased neonatal and infant mortality rates for children whose parents smoke. The pathological arterial change which causes atherosclerosis has also been observed in the umbilical arteries of infants born not only to mothers who smoke, but also to mothers who have been exposed to second-hand smoke.15 Paternal as well as maternal smoking is associated with low infant birth weight. Parental smoking is also a significant risk factor for postnatal deaths, especially due to respiratory disease and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).16 There is sound evidence that exposure to second-hand smoke in childhood is associated with an increased probability of developing asthma among certain at-risk children, and suggestive evidence that children who are not at risk and are exposed to second-hand smoke may have a higher-than-average risk of developing asthma. For asthmatic children, second-hand smoke has a causal role in asthmatic-related morbidity. Exposure to secondhand smoke represents a serious pediatric problem which has been estimated to double the risk of infection and death in children.17 They must be protected from the adverse health hazards of involuntary exposure to second-hand smoke. Join the millions of people who are protecting their children from secondhand smoke. CHAPTER VI WEIGHT GAIN ISSUES Hi, it’s Debbie. I wanted to write this chapter because it would not surprise me one bit if you didn’t skip all the other things in the contents page and check out this chapter first. I say that because that is exactly what I would have done if I’d had this book. I know it’s kind of sad, but of all the things that concerned me about quitting, it wasn’t so much as the cancer threat or lung disease or certainly second hand smoke issues that terrified me; it was gaining weight. So okay, LET’S JUST DEAL WITH IT AND BE DONE WITH THE ISSUE SO WE CAN MOVE ON Minimize the Weight Gained from Quitting Smoking You may have heard that you can’t deal with weight control issues at the same time as quitting smoking. It may be fine for some people to gorge themselves while quitting smoking and deal with the weight at a later time. The health implication of a minor weight gain is negligible in comparison to the health risks posed by smoking. The average smoker would have to gain over 75 to 100 pounds to put the additional workload on the heart that is experienced by smoking, and this is not saying anything about the smoking cancer risk. But for esthetic and emotional reasons, allowing uncontrolled eating and the inevitable weight gain is a mistake that will often undermine the quitting process. Discouragement over appearance can cause some to return to smoking. Then the smoker has the additional problem of the extra weight combined with smoking. Sometimes the weight does not automatically disappear by simply relapsing back to smoking. Weight gain following smoking cessation can be due to several factors. Smoking can have an effect on a person’s metabolism and thus quitting can account for a small weight gain in some individuals. Gains of 5 to 10 pounds over a number of months can be attributed to metabolic alterations in some individuals. But once weight gain exceeds 10 pounds, other factors are more probably responsible. Snacking between meals or increasing the overall size of meals, can easily result in the consuming of several hundred extra calories per day. Eating just an additional 100 calories a day will result in a one pound fat gain in just over a month, 10.4 pounds in one year, and an extra 104 pounds in ten years. 104 pounds of fat from drinking the equivalent of one extra soft drink per day. This is why you often hear, "I didn’t eat that much more but gained excessive amounts of weight!" True, they may not have eaten that much more daily, but they did it everyday, and the cumulative effect can easily account for the "mysterious" weight gain. Some ex-smokers eat more because they are just hungrier. They find themselves snacking between meals or needing to eat at times that were never necessary before. If they wait to eat too late in the day or there is too much time between meals, they may start to experience symptoms such as headaches, sleepiness or lack of energy. This can be a real side effect of smoking cessation. The reason for the new sense of hunger is due to the fact that nicotine is an appetite suppressant. Smoking between meals seems to eradicate the need for the snacking behaviors experienced by many ex-smokers. Nicotine does this by elevating the blood sugar and blood fat levels, basically tricking the body into thinking that it has eaten more than it actually has. While that may help to control weight, it does so at a risk. Cigarettes used as an appetite suppressant can cause cancer, heart disease, strokes and a host of other illnesses. The ex-smoker is no longer constantly administering an appetite suppressant. This does not mean he or she needs to increase caloric intake. It may be a matter of redistributing food normally eaten at single sittings at large meals into numerous smaller meals spaced throughout the day. This can allow for the snacking between meals ex-smokers are notorious for without increasing overall caloric intake. As an example, if breakfast consists of cereal, muffin, eggs, and a glass of juice, instead of eating all that food in one sitting, it can be dispersed over two or three times keeping a more even distribution of blood sugar throughout the morning hours. The same rule can apply to lunch and dinner, allowing for numerous snacking times throughout the day. A more insidious mechanism of increased caloric intake can be experienced by unwittingly eating more at the end of meals. The smoking of a cigarette used to signify the end of a meal. With no cigarette to serve as a cue, the ex-smoker may continue to consume extra food after every meal whether or not he or she is hungry. The ex-smoker may not even know that they have eaten more in the process. One solution to this behavior can be planning the meal out in advance. Calculate and prepare the amount of food you used to consume while smoking and acknowledge to yourself that you have finished. Another way is leave the table immediately upon completion of the meal. If you must stay at the table have a glass of cold water or a noncaloric beverage present. Don’t leave a plate with scraps or desserts in easy reach. Another very good solution is getting up and brushing your teeth. This can become the new cue for the end of the meal as well as improve dental hygiene. The clean feeling in your mouth may be a new pleasurable experience for an ex-smoker. While smoking, brushing of the teeth was often followed by a cigarette, compromising the overall cleansing process. Besides controlling consumption, exercise is another tool to help with weight control efforts after quitting smoking. Twenty to thirty minutes of exercise done every other day can offset the metabolic alteration accompanied by smoking cessation. If you are eating "a little more," then more exercise can help offset that, too. But be realistic. You have to do a lot of activity to burn off a relatively small amount of food. That is not to say it is a waste of time to exercise to lose weight; just don’t eat food with a shovel and go for a short walk and expect to work off the difference. Successful weight control while quitting smoking can be accomplished with a little extra effort and planning. If weight gain is experienced during smoking cessation, steps should be implemented as soon as possible to reverse the process. Then to maintain a healthy lifestyle, watch your food consumption, exercise regularly, and most importantly, never take another puff But Won't I Gain Weight ? Many smokers rate the fear of weight gain as their number-one barrier to quitting. They worry that the weight they gain may be a greater risk than their present smoking habit. This is unrealistic; to reach the same health risk as smoking just one pack of cigarettes per day, the average smoker would have to be roughly 125 pounds overweight. The fact is that many, but not all, ex-smokers do gain some weight after they quit. One study found that 60 percent of men and 51 percent of women ex-smokers put on extra pounds. But the degree of weight gain is relatively small in most cases. The average longterm weight gain for quitters is about 5 pounds, and in one study, 23 percent of quitters actually lost weight. Smokers weigh less because smoking depresses the appetite for certain foods, while quitters, whose appetites are not suppressed, gain weight because they take in more calories. Nicotine may also alter the smoker's metabolism so that smokers burn more calories and convert fewer calories into fat. In addition, smoking serves as a meal terminator (rather than taking a second or third helping or dessert, you are likely to stop eating and have a cigarette). The following strategies can help you prevent weight gain: Strategy 1: Ignore it The most common approach is to just go ahead and quit smoking—you may be one of the lucky ones who gains little or no weight. This is better for light smokers and those who would not be greatly upset by gaining a few pounds. Strategy 2: Exercise It's difficult to try to quit smoking and try to make other major life changes. Thus you should begin a regular exercise program several months before your planned quitting date. Not only will exercise help keep your weight down, but it can provide you with an alternative activity that will help you make it through cigarette withdrawal. Strategy 3: Reduce sweets You needn't go on a full-scale, all-out diet. Instead, restrict the type, not the quantity, of your food. One way to ease a craving for sweets is to use sugar substitutes or eat more fruit. The desire for sweets will fade as your body readjusts its bloodsugar level. Strategy 4: Alter your routine Practice these mealtime and between-meal tips: (1) Take smaller portions (encourage this by using small plates); (2) eat slowly and try to be the last one finished; (3) put your fork down between bites; (4) drink a large glass of water with each meal and take frequent sips between bites; (5) serve fruit for dessert or skip dessert altogether, (6) get up from the table as soon as you finish; (7) terminate your meal with a nonsmoking activity (take a walk, brush your teeth, wash the dishes, etc.); (8) stock up on raw vegetables for healthy between-meal snacks; (9) go to bed earlier to avoid the temptation to snack. Strategy 5: Do something dramatic One ex-smoker came up with a unique approach: "When I quit smoking I gained 12 pounds. Determined to lose it, I drove to a supermarket two miles from home, marched up to the butcher counter, and had them grind me 12 pounds of hamburger. I left my car in the parking lot and carried it home. By the time I got home I was exhausted. I was carrying that much extra weight around with me every day—no wonder I felt tired all the time! I gave most of the hamburger away to friends and neighbors, then started a running program the next day. I eventually shed those 12 pounds." "I've tried everything to lose weight but nothing works!" Recently a lady called our department inquiring about our recommendations concerning a liquid protein diet program for weight control. We explained that for any kind of permanent weight control program to be successful, a sensible approach which can be maintained after reaching an ideal weight is required. Otherwise, the person is likely to adopt their old pattern which resulted in being overweight in the first place. Liquid protein diets are potentially dangerous and are not conducive to permanent weight loss. We suggested that she enroll in a sensible weight control program. She replied, "I tried them all, they are a rip-off and a fraud! I didn't lose any weight at all!" She proceeded to ask what approach we recommend. We suggested a sensible diet and exercise program. "Exercise", she expressed with disgust. "Who has time to exercise?" It was becoming apparent why her past attempts at weight control had failed so miserably. It was not a weakness in the program, but rather in her own conviction in losing weight. She wanted to be thinner, but heaven forbid she should have to work at it. In order to be successful in any lifestyle change, a person must first decide how important benefits from the change are to them. If the benefits are important enough, the individual can make a sincere commitment and have a good chance of being successful. Weight control is an important topic because so many ex-smokers do gain weight after first giving up cigarettes. Upon cessation of smoking, food may smell and taste better, and many ex-smokers find they do have an increased appetite. Many feel a real need to substitute food for the oral gratification they claim to have derived from cigarette smoking. Some feel that since they quit smoking, they ought to be able to treat themselves as a reward for their great accomplishment. While it may seem like a rational idea at the time, there may be severe ramifications. Even after the initial quitting process is over and the urge for cigarettes diminishes, a new eating pattern is now being established. This pattern includes consuming more calories than are burned off in normal daily activities. The end result is extra fat and extra weight. Giving up cigarettes is a great accomplishment, but it does not necessitate consuming vast quantities of extra calories. Eating cakes, cookies, ice cream, extra main courses, or drinking extra alcohol all causes real weight gain. Calories add up quickly. While many people may get discouraged by this added weight, they do not always take positive steps to correct the situation. They persist with their new habit of continuous gluttony. What does it take to encourage these people to initiate a positive change? When they get sick and tired enough of being overweight, they can do something about it. That is how they first quit smoking. It came to a point where they knew it was time to quit. In the beginning it was not easy to give up cigarettes. Not only did they have to break a strongly ingrained habit but also a potent addiction. They experienced real drug withdrawals. But their conviction was strong. In a short time they were nicotine free. It became relatively easy not to smoke. Food can take a similar route. At first it may be hard to refuse the extra dessert. It may not be easy to go out for that first walk around the block. But soon, smaller portions of food become sufficient to quench culinary desires. You may even begin to look forward to your walk. And you will begin to look and feel better. That's the real pay-off. If you are concerned about your weight, do something about it. Start to modify your diet. Take up exercise. Some past participants find it helpful to attend our smoking clinic when they first start their diet. Listening to the great difficulty that the participants are experiencing giving up cigarettes and remembering how they overcame the same problem, can establish a strong sense of confidence. They begin to realize that if they could quit smoking, they could do anything. Some people not only lose the extra weight they gained since they quit smoking, but continue to make positive changes in diet and exercise, even to the point of weighing less than when they were smokers. Work on staying healthier and happier. Be sensible with your diet. Push yourself to keep active. Most important, always keep in practice—NEVER TAKE ANOTHER PUFF!!! "I would rather be a little overweight and not smoking than underweight and dead." This thought provoking sentiment was one panelist's opinion of the 10 pounds she gained when giving up cigarettes. While it is not inevitable, many people do gain weight when quitting smoking. The reason is quite easy to explain, they eat more. People eat more when quitting smoking for a variety of reasons. Food is often enjoyed more since the improved senses in ex-smokers make it smell and taste better. For some, cigarettes decrease the appetite. Others use cigarettes as their cue that the meal has ended. Take away the cigarette and they don't know it is time to stop eating. Social situations with food used to be easy as a smoker. When a smoker is done with his food, he can sit and smoke while conversing with others at the table. Without cigarettes, he feels awkward just sitting, so he often orders extra coffee and dessert to last the duration of the conversation. All of these different behaviors add up to one result, extra calories eaten which result in gaining weight. Weight gain can be extremely dangerous to an ex-smoker. But this is not because of the strain on the heart. An average ex-smoker would have to gain 75 to 100 pounds to put a strain on her heart equal to the extra risk associated with smoking a pack a day. And then, the extra weight would not cause the lung destruction, cancer risk and many other conditions caused by smoking. The real danger of the extra weight is that many ex-smokers use it as an excuse to go back to smoking. They think that if they smoke again they will automatically lose weight. To their unpleasant surprise, many return to smoking and keep on the added pounds. One clinic participant told how after three months without smoking she gained 15 pounds. Her doctor told her that she must lose the weight. He said that if she had to, just smoke one or two cigarettes a day to help. If her doctor understood the addictive potential of cigarettes he would never have given her such advice. For, as soon as she took her first few cigarettes, she started smoking in excess of 3 packs per day. Her weight gain did not go away. When her doctor realized that she had returned to smoking, he warned her that it was imperative that she quit. In her condition smoking was extremely dangerous. So not only did she still have to lose 15 pounds, but once again she had to go through the withdrawal process of stopping smoking. Smokers, ex-smokers or never-smokers can all lose weight the same way. The three ways to lose weight are to decrease the amount of calories one eats, increase ones activities to burn extra calories, or, a combination of both techniques. While dieting may be more difficult for some after smoking cessation, it is possible, and in many ways ex-smokers have major advantages over smokers for controlling their weight. The most obvious advantage is that not smoking allows a person to do more physical activities, burning off fat in the process. When smoking, exercise is tiresome, painful and for some, impossible. But with the improvement in breathing and cardiovascular fitness accompanying smoking cessation, exercise can become a regular routine in the ex-smokers lifestyle. And while dieting may be difficult at first, ex-smokers should realize that if they had the capability of breaking free from cigarettes, they could also decrease the amount they eat. It is simply a matter of using the same determination initially used to quit smoking. So, the next time you look in the mirror or step on a scale and feel that you are unhappy with your weight, start taking some sensible steps to deal with it. Become active, eat lower calorie, nutritious foods, and pat yourself on the back for once again taking control of your life. Not only will you lose weight, look and feel better, but you would have done it all without smoking. With that knowledge you should be extra proud. Diet, exercise and NEVER TAKE ANOTHER PUFF! After I Lose Weight I Will Quit Smoking "After I lose some weight I will quit smoking." Many times a smoker will use being overweight as her excuse for continuing to smoke. She may feel that the logical sequence is to lose weight and then quit smoking. But the end result of this approach is usually quite disappointing. For even if the smoker does lose the weight, the odds are that she will do so by increasing her cigarette consumption. Cigarettes are capable of suppressing the appetite. Then when she tries to quit smoking she will probably eat more in order to curb her urge to smoke. Once again she will gain back the weight, and out of discouragement she will probably relapse back to cigarettes. And then she is in the same position that she was in at the start--overweight and smoking. If a smoker's goal is to quit and stay off cigarettes and to permanently lose weight, she must achieve success in one without depending on the other as a crutch. This is not to say that the smoker must quit smoking and go onto a diet at the same time. While it is not impossible, dieting is difficult for many smokers during cessation. Due to a drop in blood sugar levels which accompanies smoking cessation, the urge to snack on sweet foods is constant. Also, without a cigarette to cue the end of a meal, the smoker may continue eating long after dessert is over. But if the smoker wants to control her weight while quitting, she must either control the urge to snack or eat lower calorie alternatives during the initial quitting phase. But the ex-smoker may feel that it is better to deal with one problem at a time. She may indulge herself with her favorite foods with the full expectation that she will only be doing this for a week or so. Cakes, cookies, potato chips and many other popular snack foods are used. A potentially long term and destructive eating habit may be established. What she thought would last only a few days, becomes weeks and maybe even months. Weight gain will be the inevitable result. The ex-smoker will either relapse to cigarettes out of discouragement or continue gaining until positive steps are taken to break free from the new overeating pattern. If, on the other hand, the ex-smoker addresses the food issue when first quitting, all the long term weight problems can be avoided. To help curb the urge for sweets, plenty of fruit juices should be consumed for the first three days after quitting. This will help stabilize the drop of blood sugar, hence alleviating some of the common withdrawal symptoms encountered during smoking cessation. Also, the acidity of the juices should help accelerate the excretion rate of nicotine, thus shortening the duration of physical withdrawal symptoms. Snacking on carrots and celery are also a reasonable alternative for the first few days. These items should be encouraged because they are low in calories and, for the most part, non-habit forming. Within a couple of weeks, the ex-smoker will tire of these vegetables and just give them up. She will have quit smoking without replacement of food as a permanent crutch. Staying off smoking is a lifelong commitment. The most important step you can make to insure success in this goal is to keep a positive attitude about non-smoking. Don't develop a negative replacement behavior which will result in a secondary problem. This will make a positive attitude toward not-smoking impossible, and the end result will be a relapse to cigarettes. If you have already gained weight since quitting, take action to rectify the problem. Then you too will feel good about your accomplishments. Not only did you quit smoking, but you will have done so without depending on any other destructive crutches. You really will have taken control of your life. To keep control, watch your diet and NEVER TAKE ANOTHER PUFF! CHAPTER VII HOW SMOKING AFFECTS THE SKIN Ever seen a person who has smoked a long long time and their skin is pale and ashen? Even when they tan, you can still see the effects of smoking on their face and body. Want to know why? Skin is fed from within. The foods we eat are broken down into nutrients and waste. The nutrients are absorbed by the bloodstream which transports them around the body to the various organs, the largest of which is the skin. Oxygen is also transported and delivered in the same way. The cells absorb the oxygen and this is vital for the health of the organs and the life process itself. This whole process takes place automatically when we breathe........ Except when we are breathing in smoke! When we inhale the smoke from a cigarette the carbon monoxide from the smoke is absorbed by the hemoglobin in the blood. Carbon monoxide is a colorless odorless highly toxic gas also found in the smoke from car exhausts. The blood can absorb carbon monoxide 200 times as fast as oxygen so a lot of the oxygen is displaced by carbon monoxide. The organs including the skin are starved of life giving oxygen and slowly poisoned by the carbon monoxide. But that's not the end of it. Cigarette smoke also contains the following deadly cocktails of chemicals. Ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, butane, nicotine, carbolic acid, collidine, formic aldehyde, lutidine, parvoline, prussic acid, pyridine, arsenic and cadmium. This list is by no means complete. The affect on the skin of all these is catastrophic. The liver goes into overdrive trying to expel these chemicals from the body and cannot perform its normal functions properly. The skin loses its healthy glow and takes on a yellowish-grey cast. The more cigarettes smoked, the worse your skin will look. Smoking also causes premature aging in two ways. It uses up vitamin C in the body, about 35 mg for each cigarette. Vitamin C is an unstable vitamin and cannot be manufactured by the body. One of its functions is the preservation of the collagen in the skin, the substance that gives skin its plump and youthful appearance. The collagen beaks down causing premature wrinkles around the eyes and mouth. The physical act of smoking causes us to squint, exaggerating the wrinkles around the eyes. Every time we purse our lips we deepen the wrinkles around our mouth as well. Do yourself a favor! Stop poisoning yourself. Save the money you spend on these toxic weeds and go out and treat yourself to a facial or a new skin cream instead. Your skin will thank you for it! WE RECOMMEND THAT AS PART OF YOUR RECOVERY PROGRAM YOU TREAT YOURSELF TO SOME EXCELLENT SKIN CARE CHAPTER VIII HOW WE BECOME ADDICTED TO CIGARETTES INTRODUCTION As long ago as 1942 there was significant medical evidence that nicotine is an addictive drug. That body of evidence has subsequently grown, and today it is a reasonable medical certainty that nicotine is addictive; so much so that it has been compared to heroin, alcohol and barbiturate addiction. Today, many cigarette smokers are in fact addicts. For this reason ASH has prepared the following summary of some of the more notable research in the area. NICOTINE AS AN ADDICTIVE AGENT Tobacco use is addicting and nicotine is the active pharmacologic agent of tobacco that causes addictive behavior. It also causes physical dependence characterized by a withdrawal syndrome that usually accompanies nicotine abstinence. Evidence about the addictive nature of nicotine has been accumulating since 1942 when a medical researcher first identified the problem. Since that time many medical writers and journals have unequivocally classed smoking, and particularly cigarette-smoking, as an addiction for many people. Some physicians compare the addictive qualities of nicotine to heroin and barbiturates but others maintain that for many people cigarettes can be even more addictive than heroin, barbiturates or alcohol. Comparison can also be made between the use of hard drugs and smoking in various treatment programs and in the relapse rates for such programs. Aveena sativa, a withdrawal aid, has been noted to be somewhat effective in the aversive conditioning of both cigarette and heroin addiction. Apomorphine has been used in the treatment of chronic alcoholism, drug addiction and addiction to cigarettes. As would be expected in addiction, the long-term abstinence rates are not good. One of the factors making nicotine so extremely addictive may be the tolerance which smokers develop. Before he can enjoy inhaling deeply, the novice must acquire a degree of tolerance to the local irritation and autonomic side-effects of nicotine. This is because nicotine is a poison. One-fortieth of a gram of nicotine usually gives rise to toxic symptoms in a nonsmoker. The toxic symptoms consist of excessive "swimminess" (unlike vertigo), rapid and forcible cardiac action, nausea, vomiting and fainting. Once this tolerance has been established, most people smoke to obtain nicotine and are unsatisfied by nicotine-free cigarettes. Smokers unconsciously modify their puff rate to maintain a steady nicotine intake when given high or low nicotine cigarettes. Intravenous nicotine reduces cigarette consumption significantly when compared with a saline control. Nicotine shares with other dependenceproducing drugs the quality of acting as a primary reinforcer of behavior. THE IMPORTANCE OF RECOGNIZING THE TERM "ADDICTION" The 1988 Surgeon General's report, The Health Consequences of Smoking: Nicotine Addiction found that nicotine is a powerful pharmacologic agent that acts in the brain and throughout the body. Nicotine readily crosses the blood-brain barrier and accumulates in the brain shortly after it enters the body. Once in the brain it interacts with specific receptors and alters brain energy metabolism in a pattern consistent with the distribution of specific binding sites for the drug. As a result, effects of nicotine on the central nervous system occur rapidly after a puff of cigarette smoke or after absorption of nicotine from other routes of administration. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE: TREATMENT OF TOBACCO DEPENDENCE There is effective treatment available for the dependent smoker which requires behavioral intervention in addition to any pharmacologic agents that might be administered. Some of the behavioral intervention practices available are rapid smoking, relaxation training, social support and coping skills training. Making the facts about nicotine addiction known may not do much to help the already addicted smokers, but it will encourage more research into the problem of addiction and means to combat it. Nicotine Addiction Can Start Within A Few Days And After Just A Few Cigarettes The first symptoms of nicotine addiction can start within a few days of starting to smoke and after just a few cigarettes, shows a study in Tobacco Control. The research explodes the commonly held belief that nicotine dependence is a gradual process which occurs after prolonged daily cigarette smoking. The research team monitored almost 700 teenagers between the ages of 12 and 13 from seven schools in central Massachusetts throughout 1998. The teenagers were interviewed in considerable detail on three separate occasions about their smoking habits. The time it took before the first symptoms of nicotine dependence appeared was assessed. Of the 95 teenagers who said they were occasional smokers, symptoms of nicotine dependence were evident within four weeks of starting to smoke in one in five; 16 developed symptoms within two weeks. Several said their symptoms had started within a few days. Almost two-thirds of the smokers had one or more symptoms of nicotine dependence, and of these, almost two-thirds said that they had their first symptom before they began smoking every day or that the symptoms had made them start smoking every day. Feeling addicted was the most common initial symptom, while cravings, irritability, nervousness, and anxiety when unable to smoke were the most commonly reported symptoms overall. Other research has shown that the numbers of nicotine receptors in the brain increase rapidly after just the second dose of nicotine, say the authors, who suggest that there may be three distinct groups of smokers: those who become addicted very quickly -- akin to "love at first sight", those in whom the process is more gradual and who require exposure to higher doses, and "chippers" -- people who can smoke five cigarettes a day with no evidence of addiction. THESE ARE THE FACTS OF ADDICTION Some people would argue that smoke-a-holic is just a cute euphemism which should not be compared to what they consider degrading syndromes. Contrary to this belief, nicotine addiction can be equally as strong and deadly as any of these other conditions. In fact, if you total the number of people who die yearly of all these other conditions combined, they would not add up to the number of premature deaths attributed to cigarette smoking. Until recent times, the idea of nicotine being a physiologically addictive substance was controversial in the world-wide medical community. For a drug to be considered addictive, it must meet certain criteria. First, it must be capable of inducing physical withdrawal upon cessation. Nicotine abstinence syndrome is a well documented, established fact. Second, tolerance to the drug usually develops. Increasingly larger doses become necessary to achieve the same desired effects. Smokers experience this phenomena as their cigarette consumption gradually increases from what probably was sporadic occasional use to a required daily consumption of one or more packs. The third criteria is that an addictive substance becomes a totally consuming necessity to its user, usually resulting in what is considered by a society as anti-social behavior. Many have argued that cigarette smoking fails to fulfill this requirement. True, most smokers do not resort to deviate behaviors to maintain their habit, but this is because most smokers do manage to easily obtain the full complement of cigarettes they need to satisfy the addiction. When smokers are deprived of easy accessibility to cigarettes, the situation is totally different. During World War II, in concentration camps in Germany, prisoners were not given enough food to fulfill minimum caloric nutritional requirements. They were literally starving to death. A common practice among smoking prisoners was to trade away their scarce supplies of life sustaining food for cigarettes. Even today, in underdeveloped countries, such as Bangladesh, parents with starving children barter away essential food for cigarettes. This is not normal behavior. During the "stop smoking clinics" I conduct, numerous participants admit to going through ashtrays, garbage cans and, if necessary, gutters looking for butts which may still have a salvageable value of a few puffs when their own supplies are depleted due to carelessness or unforeseen circumstances. To them, it is sick to think that they ever performed such a grotesque act, but many realize that if they were currently smoking and again caught in a similar predicament, they would be fully capable of repeating the repulsive incident. Nicotine is a drug. It is addictive. And if you let it, it can be a killer. Consider this when you get the urge for a cigarette. One puff can and most often will reinforce the addiction. Don't take that chance. Remember - NEVER TAKE ANOTHER PUFF! People can become addicted to nicotine in just a few days and after just a handful of cigarettes, according to a study. Research carried out in the US suggests that nicotine may be much more addictive than originally thought. Researchers from the University of Massachusetts examined the effects of smoking on more than 700 children, aged between 12 and 13 years. They found that many children were addicted to nicotine almost immediately. Many showed symptoms of addiction when they were just smoking occasionally and were not lighting up every day. But the study also found that some children could smoke up to five cigarettes a day without showing any signs of addiction. The researchers said smokers could be grouped into three categories depending on the speed with which they became addicted to nicotine. These were: • The "love at first sight" smokers who developed symptoms of addiction within days or weeks of smoking occasionally; • The "gradual addicts" who took months or years of regular smoking before becoming addicted; and • The "chippers" who can smoke up to five cigarettes a day over many years with no evidence of addiction. Of the 700 children surveyed, 95 said they smoked occasionally which was less than once a month. Of these, two thirds showed signs of being addicted to nicotine. The same proportion said they felt dependent on nicotine before they began smoking every day. One in four said they began to feel addicted within two weeks and several admitted to being hooked within days of having their first cigarette. But 14% said they did not have any of the symptoms associated with nicotine dependence. These included having cravings, finding it hard to quit or feeling irritable if they didn't smoke. Early addiction The researchers said the findings showed that people could become addicted to nicotine very early on. "In this study, symptoms of nicotine dependence were reported to be present in many smokers before daily smoking. "These results are consistent with previous reports and indicate that daily smoking is unlikely therefore to be a prerequisite for the development of nicotine dependence." Clive Bates, director of the anti-smoking group ASH, said: "This research adds confidence to the theory that getting addicted isn't something that happens by the time you are 40. "The dependence can become apparent in the very early years of smoking. "After the glamour of starting smoking subsides, that addiction can be strong enough to propel people into a lifetime habit of smoking." He added: "The big risk for youngsters is that while they are not going to get lung cancer in their teens and 20s, when they want to give up in their 30s they are going to find it very hard." The study is published in the latest issue of the medical journal Tobacco Control, published by the British Medical Journal. THIS IS A MESSAGE FROM THE SON OF RJ REYNOLDS REMEMBER FROM YOUR HISTORY IN CHAPTER 1 RJ REYNOLDS IS ONE OF THE MOST POWERFUL MANUFACTURERS OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS IN THIS COUNTRY. HERE IS WHAT HIS SON HAD TO SHARE ABOUT THE ADDICTIVE PROCESS HE HAS WITNESSED ALL HIS LIFE. A PROCESS THAT, IRONICALLY, TOOK THE LIFE OF HIS FATHER, THE TOBACCO MOGUL! Patrick Reynolds was the first tobacco industry figure to turn his back on the cigarette makers. He's a grandson of the tobacco company founder R.J. Reynolds, but the family's cigarette brands, Camel and Winston, killed his father and eldest brother. Since first speaking out in Congress in 1986, Patrick has been a well respected champion for a tobacco free society. In hundreds of live talks before universities, middle schools and high schools, and with over 6,000 copies of his educational video purchased by schools and health departments, Mr. Reynolds has reached well over a million youth in school with his powerful talk about the dangers of tobacco. "In a little over an hour, Reynolds went from being just another anti-tobacco speaker to something special," commented one local paper. Recent news articles about his appearances illustrate how his appearances can bring the tobaccofree message to the whole community, and build goodwill for sponsors. A short phone call to a local hospital will plant the idea with its Community Relations Director to sponsor his talk. County health departments and tobaccofree coalitions will often chip in. Print out our Five Minute Plan now and make one call! See the quotes from teachers who saw him speak live. Mr. Reynolds also offers a highly motivational lecture program for universities. Patrick Reynolds is devoting his life to furthering the goal of a smokefree society, and to motivating young people to stay tobacco free. A text version of his talk for youth follows below. The Truth About Tobacco My father died from smoking I want to begin today with a little story. My parents were divorced when I was three, and for six long years, I didn't see my Dad. Now a boy needs his Dad to come to the football game and say, "You played well, son. I'm proud of you — you're my boy!" He needs his Dad's hugs, encouragement, guidance and love. I didn't have that, and it was hard for me. A girl needs her Dad, too. How many of you in the audience do not have your biological father living at home with you? [Show of hands] I see that some of you share the situation I remember at home. How do you feel about that? Are you angry, or sad, or maybe a little afraid, not having him around as much as you would like? Or a combination of feelings? Today we're going to spend some of our time taking about our feelings, and getting in touch with our emotions. How did I feel? At times, I felt angry, sad and afraid without my Dad around. How do you feel? For six years, I really missed him. When I was nine, I got the idea to write him a letter. It said, 'Dear Dad — I want to meet you. Where are you?' He was traveling at the time, and amazingly, my little letter was forwarded seven times from city to city. By a miracle, it got into his hands, and he sent for me. I remember the day I first got word that he wanted to meet me, and I was jumping up and down with joy. When the big day came at last, and they showed me into the room where he was, I was saddened to find my Dad lying down, on his back, gasping for breath. He was dying from emphysema, caused by smoking the cigarettes that made our family wealthy. I only got to see him on five visits after that, and every time, he was increasingly sick and frail, and counting the time he had left to live. My Dad died from smoking I was 15. That's why I chose to turn my back on my family's former tobacco business and walk away — and to do everything in my power to connect with young people, and persuade them to stay tobaccofree. I also get the privelege of making a difference doing this work. It's a wonderful feeling to contribute to the lives of others. So those are two reasons I chose to devote my life to the tobaccofree cause, and to educate young people about cigarettes and smoking. In 1989 I founded The Foundaton for a Smokefree America, and I'll devote myself to this cause for the rest of my life. Tobacco Is Extremely Addicting If I could give you just one message today, it would be this: smoking is extremely addicting. Once you start, you may not be able to stop — ever. And the same is true for drugs and alcohol. I can't emphasize this enough — some of you may not ever be able to stop, if you start smoking or chewing tobacco. How long does it take to get hooked? A September 2000 study showed that one quarter of 12 to 13 year olds who smoke as few as two or three cigarettes a day become addicted in just two weeks. And many of the rest got addicted shortly after that. Once hooked, the average smoker is unable to stop for seventeen years! And every year, they will spend $1200 or more on tobacco products, to maintain their addiction. What could you buy with the money you would save in two years? How about your first car! Over 10 years, you would save $12,000! Quitting Once they get addicted, nearly all smokers try to stop a number of times. But most fail repeatedly at quitting, and many are never able to stop smoking. Reality check: there is no product which works well. 85 out of every 100 quitters using the patch or gum begin smoking again within a year. Once you are hooked, there's just no easy way out. For smokers who quit without being in a program, it's worse — 95 out of 100 of them fail, and go back to the habit within a year. The lesson is clear. With no program, statistically smokers have only a 5% chance. With a program such as nicotine replacement, the average quitter's chances increase to 15% — a threefold increase in the success rate. So even though success is unlikely for most, getting into a program increases your chances of quitting for good by three times. Not trying at all, of course, means that nothing will change. So if you are smoking now or using dip, I urge you to first admit to yourself that maybe you are smoking less out of choice, and more because you are addicted. Later when you make a clear and firm decision to stop, getting support from a good program will ease your way and lighten your burden. In short, get help! Real men ask directions People who are the most successful at living life typically get plenty of help. For example, in business, a successful businesswoman or businessman gets a lawyer to write the contracts, an advertising agency to create the ads, a marketing executive to do the marketing, an accountant to do the accounting, a doctor when they're sick — people who succeed best get help, and lots of it. Even the greatest novelists have editors who give them invaluable feedback. Students often get mentors, adults who look after their careers and share their knowledge and advice. Ask an adult you admire and trust to be your mentor. They might say no, but don't give up — ask someone else. Choose someone with high morals and ethical standards, and don't settle for less. I experimented with cigarettes as a teen. I never thought I'd get addicted, but by age 18 I was completely hooked. For the next 17 years, I tried and tried again to quit. I failed a dozen times. I finally quit smoking in 1985, and have stayed smokefree since then. Quitting smoking was one of the hardest things I ever did. In summary, if you are smoking, don't be afraid to get help. If you are using tobacco now, or experimenting with it, see the school nurse — or talk to an adult. Connecting with others is a big theme today. It's okay to talk to someone and get help. If you can't find anyone, get into an online program. Check our free Quitting Tips page for more info. And if you haven't started smoking yet, remember — tobacco is extremely addicting. You can get totally hooked much faster than you think. The best way to avoid getting addicted is simply to not smoke — no matter what. Smoking in Movies and TV In the 1990's, there was a big upsurge in the amount of smoking in films and TV. Characters in the movies were much more likely to smoke than a person in real life, and so films misled many teens into thinking that smoking was more popular than it really was. Too many movie stars make smoking look cool to young people — and children — who go to films. You might remember a star smoking in a recent movie. If not, perhaps you will notice it next time you see it. I want to open your eyes and empower you today. I want you to become conscious of how the stars have set a bad example for our kids, by making smoking look cool on screen. Smokefree America does not advocate censorship of movies. Instead, let's deliver a dose of healthy shame to the actors who smoke in films, and make it look cool to our kids. Then perhaps the stars will think twice before they do it in future films. Which stars have been smoking most in films? John Travolta smoked in nearly every film he made in the 1990's. Julia Roberts smoked in several of hers. So did Winona Ryder, Ethan Hawke, Gwenneth Paltrow, Brad Pitt and others. Young people look up to stars and copy them. It's difficult to measure the negative effect these actors have had on younger children. Stars have a responsibility to lead our kids in a good direction, not in a bad one. Shame on you folks! We expect — we demand — more from you in the future! Turning tobacco ads into anti-tobacco ads In this powerful and motivating section of his anti-smoking assembly program, Mr. Reynolds discusses tobacco advertising. The vivid stories and facts he relates in his anti-tobacco talks are designed to empower youth to resist the onslaught of cigarette ads and peer pressure. Using the anti-smoking ads below, Patrick makes great fun of tobacco advertising. He emphasizes that smoking looks very un-cool, and is no longer socially acceptable. Both middle school and high school youth enjoy this section of his anti-tobacco assembly program. Humor is a key ingredient of his talks. If cigarette ads told the truth, here's how they might look. We've all seen the ads for Marlboro Country, with images of beautiful country scenes, wild horses galloping, and rugged, masculine cowboys around a fire, or on horseback. We see smokers outside their office building in the cold, getting their fix of nicotine — because they're addicted. They're not welcome inside the building. People just don't want to be around their smoke. Often it's not legal to smoke indoors, because second hand smoke can seriously hurt others. The fact is, today three out of four people in the USA do not smoke. Think about this: today, being a nonsmoker is the norm. It's difficult and painful to put up with the anti-tobacco attitudes so many people have today. Why choose a path that is just about guaranteed to bring you rejection? I don't like the Utter Fool anti-smoking ad. Why? Because we're calling somebody a fool. It's just not a very effective way to communicate or persuade. The listener will just tune out if you call them a name. I want to stop for a moment, and talk about how we can better communicate with each other. OK, I need a volunteer. I'd like someone who has a friend or loved one they want to ask to quit, or to not smoke in the house. The other requirement is that you be able to give that person two honest compliments. He selects a volunteer. Mr Reynolds: So who do you want to ask to quit smoking, or not smoke in house? Student: My Mom. Mr Reynolds: Okay, I need a second volunteer to be Mom. Who wants to be Mom? He chooses a student to play Mom. Students often laugh in delight at this. Okay. Do you want to ask Mom here to quit, or just not smoke inside? Student: To quit. Mr Reynolds: Okay. Start with an honest complement. In general, that's a good idea whenever you want to say no to anyone about anything. It's helpful and effective to start with an honest compliment and a smile, and say, for example, "Hey, Mom, that dinner you made last night was great!" "Oh, it was?" Your parent or friend will open up, and will be all ready to really hear what you have to say next. Of course, your compliment must be true, honest, and from your heart. So what's an honest complement to give Mom, who's standing right here? Student: (Thinks) Mom, I like your hair-do. Mr Reynolds: OK, Mom, how does that feel? Mom: That feels good! Mr. Reynolds (to other student): Now don't use but, as it totally undoes the nice words you just said. Instead, use and. Then follow with I feel, and tell them the emotion you are honestly feeling when you see them smoke. Let's see now, what feelings do we have to choose from? All of us have six basic emotions — the primary colors of our hearts. We've got (he acts out using facial expressions and tone of voice) anger, sadness, joy, love, fear and shame. And there's a whole rainbow of sub-combinations. So what do you feel when you see your Mom smoke? Student: I feel sad. Mr Reynolds: Any anger? Student: Umm, yes. Mr Reynolds: Any fear? For example, that she might die? Student: Nah. Mr Reynolds: So tell Mom here how you feel when you see her smoke. Student: Mom, I feel sad and angry when I see you smoke. Mr Reynolds: Now, briefly tell her what you want her to do. Student: I want you to quit. Mr Reynolds: Okay, now we need the second complement. Student: Um, I admire how capable you are at work. Mr Reynolds: Great! (He turns to Mom) Mr Reynolds: Mom, how does that feel? Mom: Pretty good! Mr Reynolds (to student): Now put it all together. Student: Mom, I like your hair-do, but I — Mr Reynolds: No but! Use and. Okay, go again. Student: Mom, I like your hair-do, and I feel sad and angry when I see you smoke. I want you to quit. And I admire how capable you are at work. Mr Reynolds: Excellent! Okay, Mom, how does that feel? Mom: I like it! Mr Reynolds: Okay, well done. Let's give these two a round of applause — it takes courage to come up here! Thanks. Here are some answers other students have given: "Dad, I love the time you spend with me, like when you take me fishing with you, or come to see me play in the game. Your giving of your time means so much to me. And when you smoke, I feel afraid and sad, and a little angry. I need you to stay healthy and be there for me, and live a really long time. I need you, and I love you a lot!" "Mom, that's a nice dress you have on today. And you know, I feel sad, and a little afraid too, when I see you smoke. I want you to quit soon! I don't ever want to lose you. I love you so much!" "You're my best friend, and we have a lot of fun hanging out. I feel afraid when I see you smoke. I'm worried your second hand smoke will hurt me, and you too. I want you to put out that cigarette now, please! And you know what? I'm really glad we're friends." Mr Reynolds: In summary, if you call someone a fool, you lose them. They tune out. On the other hand, if you tell what you're feeling, your friend or loved one will open up, and really hear what you have to say. The result? You'll be a more effective communicator. It's powerful and very persuasive to express your feelings, and it feels good, too. We'll come back to that. Here's another anti-smoking ad. Some of you will remember that not so long ago, the tobacco company my Grandfather started, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco, used a cartoon camel to promote its Camel brand. Most of us remember Joe Camel. He was cool, he wore sunglasses, and he was shown at the beach with girls in bikinis around him, or in front of fancy sports cars, or playing the sax, or hanging out at a pool hall called Joe's Place. Well, if tobacco advertising told the truth, here's what Joe Camel would really look like: (Mr. Reynolds shows this anti-smoking slide.) Joe would be lying down, sick from smoking! He's got a needle in his arm to get the chemotherapy medicine, whose purpose is to cure, or at least slow down, his cancer. It made his hair fall out! His friends are all gone, he's all alone, and his days as an athlete are over. And he's in terrible, awful pain, and knows he's going to die. Joe might be saying, "I wish I hadn't smoked. I conned a lot of kids into thinking smoking was cool, and I'm sorry! And I'm sorry I smoked. I'm dying of cancer. Just look at me now! Please — whatever you do, don't smoke!" So that's what tobacco ads would look like, if they told the truth about tobacco and smoking. The toll of smoking in the US and around the world Some teens are not so concerned about the risk of disease later in life. But the fact is, cigarettes cause emphysema, lung cancer and heart disease, and 4 out of every 10 smokers later die from their addiction to tobacco. Nearly all of them got hooked as teens. According to a new US Surgeon General's Report issued in May, 2004, smoking is even worse than previously thought. It damages virtually every organ in the body. In the US, smoking causes 1 of every 5 deaths. Cigarettes kill 1,200 Americans every day — a tragic total of 420,000 American deaths each year. Around the world, smoking now kills five million people every year. In the US, 22.5% of adults, or a bit more than one in five, are addicted to smoking. But because smoking rates in Europe and Asia are so much higher, on average, one in three adults worldwide smoke. And smoking kills 4 out of every 10 smokers. If we do the math, this means that in coming decades, cigarettes will actually kill 500 million people — and all of them have already been born. That's 9% of the present world population. It means that almost 1 of every 10 people now alive on earth will die because of tobacco use. These statistics come from the United Nations World Health Organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. Every day in the US, 2,000 teens become newly addicted to smoking. Think about it: most will not be able to quit for 17 years, and over 1,000 of those teens will later die from cigarettes. How do you feel about that? More about tobacco advertising Let's take a closer look at cigarette advertising. Would you object to being manipulated mentally? Well, tobacco ads are designed to play with your mind. In January, 1998, Democratic Congressman Henry Waxman revealed some very secret memos of the RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company. In 1975, one executive wrote, "The Camel Brand must increase its share penetration among the 14 - 24 age group — which represent tomorrow's cigarette business." Tell me, what feelings do you have about that? A 1986 memo noted how the cartoon camel campaign would utilize "peer acceptance/influence" to "motivate the target audience to take up cigarettes." How does that make you feel? I feel sad and angry about it. Your conscious mind vs. your unconscious mind So many teens tell me that tobacco ads have had absolutely no influence over them. I agree that tobacco ads will not change your conscious mind — but they may be getting through to your unconscious mind more than you realize. What is the unconscious mind? While your conscious mind is analytical, and makes (mostly!) sensible, rational decisions, it's your unconscious mind that often throws common sense out the window. It's the creative part of our minds, and it cares little for right or wrong. It just knows what feels good or bad, regardless of the consequences. For example, an overweight person may have made a responsible and conscious decision to diet, but their unconscious mind still remembers the sweet taste of ice cream. The conscious mind's will to diet can be overcome by the power of the unconscious mind, and the memory of delicious ice cream. "Willpower" is literally the conscious will's power to repeatedly resist the strong desires of the unconscious mind. The story of Pavlov and his dog The Russian scientist Pavlov used to ring a bell every time he fed his dog. Every day he would ring the same bell to call the dog to his supper. This went on for many months. One day, he accidentally forgot to put the food out, but rang the bell, thinking he had. The dog came running, wagging its tail, and Professor Pavlov was amazed to see the dog drooling — its mouth watering, as though the scent of food were in the air. Pavlov realized that his dog had made an unconscious association between the sound of the bell and the smell of supper. His dog was salivating simply upon hearing the bell! He had "conditioned" his dog. In much the same way, the cigarette ads we see in magazines build an unconscious association, conditioning us to make a connection between the deadly addiction of smoking and strong, positive images. In magazine ads, we see healthy young people playing sports which require breath, like tennis, windsurfing or mountain climbing. We see beautiful country scenes with campfires, or wild horses galloping. We see attractive, adult role models many teens would like to emulate — manly cowboys gathered in friendship around a campfire — and successful, independent and attractive women, who are role models for young girls. How many weeks did Pavlov have to ring his bell before his dog finally drooled just hearing it, even though there was no food there? It didn't take too long. Through most of the 1990's, the tobacco industry spent about $5 billion each year advertising its deadly, addictive products. Incredibly, in 1999, they increased that amount by over 50% — to $8 billion per year. In 2000, they spent $9 billion on advertising, and in 2003, a staggering $11.5 billion. That's a lot of bell ringing, ladies and gentlemen! Cigarettes are now the most heavily advertised product in the world. Tobacco advertising is a huge lie, and a deceptive manipulation on a massive scale. And all that advertising sends a powerful message to our unconscious minds, including the minds of our kids. Day after day, year after year, you've seen countertop tobacco displays in stores, and cigarette ads in magazines. The sad truth is that cigarette ads have a much stronger effect on teens than most consciously realize. In summary, the tobacco industry knows exactly what they are doing, and they spend billions every year to manipulate the unconscious minds of millions. Don't let them manipulate you! The truth about countertop displays Daily, we also see tobacco displays in convenience stores and grocery stores. In some States, they're still sitting right on the countertops. In others, they passed laws to keep them behind the counter, out of reach of kids. Either way, cigarette and chewing tobacco displays seem to be everywhere, and in full view. A quick show of hands, please — how many of you already knew that the stores get up to $100 per month for every countertop display of tobacco in the store? [Typically] I see that almost none of you knew this. Let's tell the truth today. The store managers don't put tobacco displays there because they think smoking is cool. Tobacco displays are there for only one reason — the store owners get paid money each month by the cigarette companies to keep them there. In recent years, the tobacco industry has spent a large share of its multibillion dollar ad budget on these deceptive displays. Tobacco ads are no longer permitted on radio or TV, and there are less tobacco ads in magazines and newspapers. Tobacco billboards were removed in the late 1990's, as part of the settlement of the lawsuit by the States against Big Tobacco. In addition to billboards, Big Tobacco withdrew its use of promotional T-shirts and hats, which had turned many kids into little tobacco billboards. But even with the elimination of all that tobacco marketing, the tobacco industry still managed to spend $11.5 billion on ads in 2003! The truth? In-store countertop tobacco displays are now a huge part of that spending. I believe it's good to open your eyes about this. How are tobacco displays deceptive? Well, you've been going into convenience and grocery stores since you were little, and cigarette displays were often right in your face — every day. This kind of advertising makes it appear to children that cigarettes are a normal product, like chewing gum or candy. Very often, tobacco displays are placed right alongside the gum or candy! These displays make it appear to kids that tobacco is okay, and that chewing or smoking is perfectly normal part of adult life. Spit tobacco displays also created the false impression among the young that chewing tobacco is popular. Many young people thought, Lots of customers must be buying chewing tobacco, because if the store puts them right on the countertop or in plain view, they must be pretty popular products. The truth is that not so many years ago, almost no one was using dip tobacco. These displays made it appear to be a product that was selling very well — and this was a key element of the campaign to re-popularize chewing tobacco. Tobacco displays, much like the ads in magazines, also foster the false impression among both youth and adults that smoking is socially acceptable. This inaccurate perception will continue, sadly, as long children grow up seeing tobacco displays almost everywhere. I'll say it again: today, being a nonsmoker is the norm. Three out of four people in the USA don't smoke. It's just not okay to smoke around most people, and it's illegal to smoke indoors in more and more places across our nation. A number of States have pretty much banned indoor smoking Statewide. Smoking is much less socially acceptable than advertising — like tobacco displays and magazine ads — lead people to believe. In summary, the tobacco companies spent $11.5 billion on advertising in 2003 — up from $5 billion just a few years before — and a very substantial part of that is being spent on in-store displays. Another truth: many teens are strongly anti-smoking. Adults also often speak up about their anti-tobacco feelings — more and more often, people just don't want to be in the same room with smokers. The great majority of people in the US do not smoke any more. Tobacco ads falsely suggest it's okay to smoke around friends, and create the impression that more people smoke than actually do smoke. All that advertising disguises tobacco as a normal, acceptable American product. CONCLUSION At high exposure levels, nicotine is a potent and potentially lethal poison. Human poisonings occur primarily as a result of accidental ingestion or skin contact with nicotinecontaining insecticides. Mild nicotine intoxication occurs in first-time smokers, nonsmoking workers who harvest tobacco leaves and people who chew excessive amounts of nicotine gum. Tolerance to these effects develops rapidly. Nicotine exposure in long-term tobacco users is substantial, affecting many organ systems. Pharmacologic actions of nicotine may contribute to the pathogenesis of smoking-related diseases. Of particular concern are cardiovascular disease, complications of hypertension, reproductive disorders, cancer, and gastrointestinal disorders, including peptic ulcer disease. CHAPTER IX HOW DOES SMOKING AFFECT YOUR SEX LIFE Warning: Smoking Can Kill Your Sex Life We've all seen the ads. Perhaps it's a rugged cowboy reining in his horse at the top of a hill overlooking all of Montana to have a smoke—the very picture of virility. But the truth is quite different, even though it's not often mentioned in pamphlets about the dangers of smoking. Did you know that men who smoke are 50 percent more likely to suffer from impotence than men who do not smoke? Nicotine and Impotence Nicotine acts as a vasoconstrictor. That is, it constricts the arteries and blood vessels— including those that are responsible for a man's erection. Nicotine also lowers testosterone and other hormone levels in the blood. And it increases the concentrations of fatty acids in the blood, leading to clogged arteries and further restricting blood flow to the genitals. What About Women? Women who smoke also have cause for concern. There's evidence that smoking can interfere with a woman's ability to have an orgasm. Nicotine can also damage ovaries, causing menstrual abnormalities and decreased estrogen production. It can lead to early menopause with such side effects as increased aging and vaginal dryness. Smoking and the Pill If you're on the pill, the news is even worse. Women who smoke have a greatly increased risk of heart disease. For instance, women between 30 and 39 years of age who smoke and take the pill are 10 times as likely to have a stroke or a fatal heart attack as nonsmokers. Talk about smoking killing your sex life! A Question of Attractiveness While we're on the subject of smoking and your sex life, consider what smoking does to your sexual attractiveness. Bad breath, smelly hair and clothes, and yellow teeth and fingers are not exactly a turn-on. When you give up smoking you immediately become more attractive to your nonsmoking friends and coworkers. Perhaps the very real dangers of cancer and heart disease seem remote when you're young and healthy. But your sexual enjoyment is something that smoking could affect right now or in the very near future. It's just one more reason to get out of the nicotine habit. Do you want us to go into the details of exactly where and how cigarettes and all those 4000 chemicals in them affect your genitals and reproductive systems? We didn’t think so. You’ve got the picture. CHAPTER X WHO PROFITS FROM YOUR ADDICTION? IS IT YOU? The average smoker spends $3,391 each year on cigarettes. They will spend over $100,000 if they smoke for 30 years (if they live that long.) They will give up hundreds of thousands of dollars in lost retirement and lost wages for the years they would have lived if they had not smoked. Our nation loses about $150 billion each year due to lost productivity, and health care costs. Here’s one testimonial to consider in answering this question I Could Have Been a Millionaire The way I figure, I could have $1,817,351.54 in the bank right now, but I chose to enrich poor ol' Phillip Morris instead. I've been smoking cigarettes for longer than I care to mention here. When I was young my parents smoked Pall Malls and I'd sneak a couple out of their packs to try them out. I eventually became mesmerized by the Marlboro Man, and wanted to be just like him -- except for the part where he dies of lung cancer. This huge sum of money was calculated by conservatively estimating how many packs of cigarettes I've purchased in my lifetime. I then estimated how the price of cigarettes has steadily gone up over the years. (I remember once proclaiming, "When cigarettes go up to 75 cents a pack, I'm quitting." Today, a pack costs me $3.51). Next, I calculated the balance had I deposited the money in a bank and let compound interest do its magic. Coulda, Woulda, Shoulda I could have done a lot of neat things with $1.8 million. I could have invested it in Enron and been as broke as I am now, but at least my heart and lungs would be healthy. I could have purchased a mansion and made all my guests go outside to smoke, or blown it all for a night or two in the Lincoln Bedroom a few years back. Or, I could have donated it to George W. Bush, Jr.'s campaign and spent four years as ambassador to the Bahamas. My clothes wouldn't smell of stale tobacco, and my skin would not have yellowed and taken on a Keith Richards-like appearance. I should have known better. The Surgeon General issued his first warning about the health effects of tobacco before I even took up the habit. I should have quit when my mother died of cancer long ago. Despite all that, I bought pack after pack of one of the highest tar and nicotine-laden brands going -- Marlboro Reds. And I was a professional smoker at that. I'd even wake up in the middle of the night to smoke a cigarette or two since the puffs in my dreams just didn't satisfy my need for more nicotine. Several years back, I found myself in intensive care and was really upset at the nurse for not bringing me cigarettes. She had promised to take care of my craving. What kind of service was this? I was on anesthetic drugs from my surgery, but still conscious enough to explain things to my sister: "The nurse is going to bring me a box to put over my head so I can smoke." When I woke up the next day in a regular hospital room I found that the nurse had put a nicotine patch on my arm. Powerful stuff, nicotine! I wanted to rip it off my arm, roll it up and smoke it, but the nurse wouldn't give me a lighter. IS IT LAWYERS, POLITICIANS AND INSURANCE COMPANIES?? WANT SOME PROOF? LET’S LOOK AT THESE PROFITS A BIT CLOSER. WE’LL START WITH INSURANCE COMPANIES HOW DO INSURANCE COMPANIES BENEFIT FROM YOUR ADDICTION Insurance Companies Profit from Smoking The current anti-smoking campaign is not about your health ... It is all about YOUR MONEY... They want it! And look around folks…THEY’RE GETTING IT!!!!!!!!! ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We have gone to great lengths to present factual, scientific material in the information books of the system. These resources do not necessarily endorse our system nor do they affix their trademark to our smoking cessation program. We did, however, use their research information in the compilation of this book and we would like to acknowledge their contributions of information to our program. The American Lung Association The American Cancer Society Tobacco.org O Forrest CNN Center for Disease Control Americans for Non Smokers Rights Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada Joel Spitzer and his Never Take Another Puff research Information was also obtained from RJ Reynolds Company Phillip Morris It my general understanding that insurance companies charged its customers a premium for insurance policies which they in turn reinvested to cover the eventual payouts. The more efficiently they did that, the more money they made. Median annual earnings of full-time wage and salaried underwriters in 1994 were about $30,800. The middle 50 percent earned between $22,000 and $40,500 a year. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $18,600; the top 10 percent, more than $54,800 a year. Well, they're not satisfied with that anymore. Now, they see the "deep pockets" of the tobacco industry coupled with a hyped-up public hysteria about smoking and have targeted the tobacco industry to further line their pockets with increasing profits. Consider Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Minnesota who sued cigarette makers to recover $1.77 billion they say they spent to treat smoking-related illnesses. What in the world were they supposed to do with that $1.77 billion? That's supposedly the business they're in ... taking your money to pay for your health costs. So much for their policy holders revenues to cover their profits ... these are some greedy folks. Not only did they get money for the original insurance policy, but they got paid again for fulfilling their obligations to cover the health costs of their clients! Not bad. I repeat my original premise: "The current antismoking campaign is not about public health ... It is all about YOUR MONEY... They want it! Insurance Hypocrisy When was the last time you saw a smoker swerving down the road, running over pedestrians, or crossing the center lane hitting another car head-on? Why do smokers often pay more for automobile insurance? Does the insurance agents ask you if you drink liquor? Of course not, but they do often ask whether you're a smoker. Now, who's more likely to cause an automobile accident ... someone on his 10th cigarette or someone on his 10th highball? Cigarettes were not cited as a contributor to the 120 mph auto crash that killed Diana, Princess of Wales, and her two companions. But, the driver was found to be drunk. Hardly a week passes without newspaper reports of accidents, shootings, and robberies related to alcohol-use, but do they make an issue or charge you extra if you drink? "We have a situation in the United States where we're spending $15 billion on the war on drugs, and yet we allow billions of dollars to be freely spent to promote the drug (alcohol) that kills more than any other drug." - U. S. Representative Joseph P. Kennedy II What's replacing the banned tobacco ads? Alcohol! As if we don't have enough drunk drivers on the roads already, more and more people are being encouraged to drink through an increase of liquor advertising. No double standard here! In another move to heighten the hypocrisy of the anti-smoking movement, as of Jan. 1, 1998, California has banned smoking from even within, of all places, Bars. Oh, it's okay to get drunk before getting out on the streets and highways, but God forbid that you should smoke a cigarette while getting inebriated. What an act of foolishness! • The median age at which children begin drinking is just over 13 years old. • 26% of eighth graders, 40% of tenth graders, and 50% of twelfth graders report having used alcohol in the past month. • 18% of eighth graders, 38% of tenth graders, and 52% of twelfth graders report having been drunk at least once in the last year. • One-quarter of sixth graders say it is "fairly easy" or "very easy" to get beer. 15% say it is easy to get liquor. A study conducted in Washington, D.C., revealed that 19- and 20-year-old males were able to purchase a six-pack of beer in 97 out of 100 attempts. • Among ninth grade students, alcohol or other drug use, or a combination of substances, was the best predictor of early sexual activity. For youth, alcohol use more than any other single factor is indirectly responsible for more pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases, and HIV infections. • Broadcast advertising for beer and wine totaled some $700 million in 1995. • Many of the radio stations on which Seagram airs gin ads feature youthoriented rock and roll or album-oriented rock formats that target audiences officially designated 18 and above. In reality, many younger teens listen to those stations. It should be clear to anyone who can read (those who can't already don't believe them) that these anti-smoking "dogooders" really don't care one whit about you, your children, or your health. They do care about your money, however. So much so that they will do anything and say anything to convince you to give more of it to them. Consider the success they have already had in recent years in convincing you to give them more of your money. Personal Consumption Expenditures (billons of dollars) Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Dept. of Commerce 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 Tobacco Products 40.5 43.4 43.8 49.6 47.0 47.7 47.2 Drug preparations 55.0 60.6 70.9 75.0 77.9 81.7 85.7 Physicians 121.6 133.8 152.1 167.2 172.9 179.8 189.8 Hospitals & Nursing Care 209.5 231.3 293.4 320.0 344.4 363.8 383.6 Health Insurance 31.2 36.6 37.3 42.7 51.7 57.0 61.3 Tobacco products show an increase of only 16.5% of Americans spending between 1989 and 1995 compared with an increase of 56% for drug preparations and physicians, 83% increase for hospitals & nursing care, and a whopping 96% increase for health insurance. According to a survey by Modern Healthcare magazine, half of all hospital CEO's earned $165,500 or more in 1995. I ask you, "Who's getting your money?" Motivation for Deception Take a look at the following data comparing revenues of the insurance and tobacco industries between 1989 and 1995. You'll notice the revenues of the leading insurance companies have been drastically reduced while the revenues in the tobacco industry have increased. Insurance Revenues (millions of dollars) 1989 1995 Prudential Insurance of America 129,118 41,330 Metropolitan Life Insurance 98,740 27,977 New York Life Ins. 37,302 16,202 Aetna Life & Casualty 52,023 12,978 Tobacco Revenues (millions of dollars) 1989 1995 Phillip Morris 39,069 53,139 R.J. Reynolds 15,224 16,008 American Brands 7,265 5,905 Universal 2,920 3,281 UST 670 1,300 Source: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 1997 Do you see any clue here as to what industry might have a reason to assault another industry? I would suggest the insurance industry has a high motivation to disparage the tobacco industry. They have gained the support of government bureaucrats and many deceived Americans. T he U.S. Senate passed an amendment as part of Senator John McCain's National Tobacco Policy and Youth Smoking Reduction Act to pay attorneys as much as $4,000 per hour for their work in bringing lawsuits against tobacco companies. That's right ... you read right! $4,000 an hour! Provisions of the proposed tax legislation before Congress allows families to be taxed in order to pay plaintiffs attorney's as much as $4,000 an hour to pursue tobacco related lawsuits. The amendment to the tobacco bill limits attorney's fees in a declining scale that ranges from $4,000 an hour for action before 12/31/94, to $500 an hour for the most recent action. Rather than spending huge amounts of money on children's health or health in general, the way has been cleared for a small group of trial lawyers to be enriched with massive fees charged through tobacco related litigation. This National Lawyer Enrichment deal will not make attorneys instant millionaires. . . . Some of them will become BILLIONAIRES! Sen. Orrin Hatch (R-Utah) defended trial lawyers ability to collect these huge fees, calling them the "last bastion of freedom." Republicans sought to ease this massive enrichment of attorneys by limiting them to only $1,000 an hour! Yep, that's right, $1,000 an hour! While that may be a whole lot less than $4,000/hr., it's still a whole lot more than most people earn in a week. Apparently, Congress agrees that lawyers should earn these ridiculous fees. Senators voted down an amendment proposed by Sen. Lauch Faircloth (RN.C.) which proposed to cap the fees of trial lawyers involved in tobacco litigation to $250 per hour. Sen. Mitch McConnell (R-Ky.) called the cap "more than a fair wage." Without a limit, he said, the Senate could help to create "an exclusive club of trial lawyer billionaires." Private lawyers representing 40 states in their suits against the tobacco industry stand to get more than $14.7 billion over 25 years if the National Tobacco Policy and Youth Smoking Reduction Act is approved by Congress and the White House. Four national firms - based in Seattle, Mississippi and South Carolina - stand to reap the most. Together, these firms represent two dozen of the states and could reap the lion's share of $10 billion in fees from those states. What About Families and Children? Families and children this bill is supposed to help will pay the lions share of this new tax. Sixty percent of the National Lawyers Enrichment Program will be collected from those families with incomes less than $30,000. Money familes could save for their children's education or health care will be redistributed to attorneys charging up to $4,000 an hour for their work. Raising taxes is nothing new to liberal tax-and-spend Democrats. The U.S. Congress is poised to impose a HALF A TRILLION dollars in new taxes and to create 17 new bureaucracies to control another American industry. Sadly, many Republicans who were elected with the mandate of no new taxes has joined the effort to steal more of your money. They have been forced to by the successful PR campaign slogan, "Big Tobacco or Kids?" Never mind truth! Liberals would have you believe that anyone opposing their efforts of the government takeover of another American industry and their welfare state caring for your children is necessarily supporting youth smoking. How ridiculous, but effective. ``Republicans and all right-thinking American strongly agree with the president's concerns about children and smoking. Republicans hold a zero tolerance policy when it comes to the underage sales of tobacco to America's kids. What we see time and again from the Clinton-Gore Administration, however, is a get-rich-quick scheme for trial lawyers that leave children behind. Trial Lawyers are making untold tens of millions of dollars a lawsuit while not focusing on a single aspect of helping our children fight the temptation to begin smoking. It's no wonder trial lawyers have been rewarded so generously by this administration. Al Gore has received more money from trial lawyers than any other candidate running for president in American history -- almost $650,000 last week alone. Mr. President, let's put children first and not fat-cat trial lawyers money-grubbing for Al Gore's presidential campaign.'' - Republican National Committee Chairman Jim Nicholson Prosecution for profit. The vulture mentality of trial lawyers can now use the court system as a legal playground for the purpose of extortion of funds from targeted defendants. Today it is tobacco, tomorrow will be a different target, take your choice. They will use the billions of dollars they get from a tobacco bill to file suits against other industries creating a nightmare in our legal system. That's their track record and that's their plan. It wasn't that long ago that lawyer greed was behind forcing Dow Corning into bankruptcy by thousands of unfounded plaintiff claims that Dow´s silicone breast implants caused health problems. The company acquiesced, and settled the billion dollar claims against it. Where else does the money go? kay, okay. You’ve got the picture and more information than you ever wanted. In Book Three, we hope you’ll find all the incentives you need to go on with the workbook exercises and get this monkey off your back FOR GOOD…ONCE AND FOR ALLACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Stop Smoking Systems, a division of Bridge2Life, is committed to the restoration of our clients to a nicotine free life. To that end, we have gone